Abstract: Pulse-generator-based reciprocal quantum logic (RQL) bias-level sensors are fabricated on an RQL integrated circuit (IC) to sample AC or DC bias values provided to operational RQL circuitry on the RQL IC. The bias-level sensors include pulse generators having strengthened or weakened bias taps (transformer couplings to RQL AC clock resonators or DC bias lines) as compared to bias taps of Josephson transmission lines in the operational RQL circuitry, or Josephson junctions (JJs) with larger or smaller critical currents as compared to JJs in the operational RQL circuitry. Pulse generators with weakened bias taps or larger JJs can have lower limits of their operational ranges placed near an optimal bias point at the centroid of the operating region of the operational RQL circuitry. The bias-level sensors can be staged by relative strength to indicate whether a provided bias value is an improvement when varied over a range.

Abstract: A multiple cathode-anode pulsed X-ray source utilizes a first X-ray transparent cathode spaced apart from a solid tungsten first anode between which is disposed a second tungsten anode spaced apart from the first cathode and electrically connected to a second X-ray transparent cathode which is also spaced apart from a solid tungsten first anode. Electrons emitted from the first cathode are caused to bombard the second anode to emit X-radiation therefrom where the electrons are then conducted to and emitted by the second cathode to bombard the first anode to again emit X-radiation therefrom. The X-radiation emitted from the first and second anodes passes through the first and second cathodes to a target.