Abstract: The invention relates to quaternized triethanolamine difatty acid esters prepared from triethanolamine, fatty acid, fatty acid ester and a quaternizing agent and to a process for their preparation and to their use. The quaternized triethanolamine difatty acid esters thus prepared can be used to produce particularly storage-, temperature- and viscosity-stable rinse cycle laundry softeners having a high active content.

Abstract: Aqueous emulsions which contain the fatty acid esters of N-methyl-N,N,N-trihydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate as cationic tensides are suitable as fabric softeners. These fabric softener emulsions have the disadvantage, however, that emulsions with high concentrations can be handled only by means of dispersion agents. Therefore, an aqueous emulsion of fatty acid ester of N-methyl-N,N,N-trihydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate is proposed which is stable in storage, and demonstrates an active substance content of more than 15% at a viscosity below 100 mPa.s at 25.degree. C. This emulsion can be used without any additional emulsifier. The emulsion according to the invention has quaternary ammonium compounds with 1.1 to 1.7 fatty acid groups, as a mean value.

Abstract: A process for the production of carboxymethylates comprises reacting alcohols, ether alcohols, or alkyl phenols with an aqueous solution of at most a stoichiometric amount of free chloroacetic acid and twice the stoichiometric amount of an aqueous base. The chloroacetic acid and base are added separately, but simultaneously under agitation (at elevated temperature and under reduced pressure) to the alcohol or alkyl phenol. The water content in the reaction mixture, during the entire reaction, is maintained at 0.3-1.5% by weight. Increased selectivity results and it now becomes possible to use aqueous chloroacetic acid in this process.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of extensively emulsion-free oil from a subterranean reservoir of medium or high salinity comprises forcing into an injection well a 0.1-20% (e.g., 1-20%) by weight solution or dispersion in formation water of carboxymethylated ethoxylates of the formulaR--(OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2).sub.n --OCH.sub.2 --COOM,whereinR is a linear or branched aliphatic residue of 4-20 carbon atoms or an alkylaromatic or dialkylaromatic residue of 1-14 carbon atoms in the alkyl group,n is 1-30, e.g., 3-30, andM is an alkali or alkaline earth metal ion or ammonium,and the degree of carboxymethylation is between 10 and 100%, wherein the carboxymethylated oxethylate is selected so that the phase inversion temperature of the system: crude oil/formation water/tenside/optional additives, is 0.degree.-10.degree. C. above the reservoir temperature.

Abstract: A process for recovering extensively emulsion-free oil from a subterranean deposit of medium or high salinity comprises forcing into an injection well a 1-20% strength solution or dispersion in formation water of a carboxymethylated ethoxylate tenside of the formula:R--(OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2).sub.n --OCH.sub.2 --COOMwhereinR is a linear or branched aliphatic residue of 4-20 carbon atoms or a mono- or dialkylaromatic residue of 1-14 carbon atoms in the alkyl group,n is 3-30, andM is an alkali or alkaline earth metal ion or ammonium, and wherein the degree of carboxymethylation is incomplete, wherein the tenside is selected so that the phase inversion temperature of the system: crude oil/formation water/tenside/optional additives, lies 0.degree.-10.degree. C. above the deposit temperature.

Abstract: Extensively emulsion-free oil is recovered from a subterranean reservoir of medium or high salinity by forcing an emulsion, e.g., of oil, into an injection well. Carboxymethylated ethoxylate is utilized as the emulsifier and is selected so that the phase inversion temperature of the system:oil of reservoir/formation water/tenside/optional additives lies 0.degree.-10.degree. C. above the reservoir temperature.

Abstract: A process for preparing sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen chloride by reacting an aqueous sodium chloride solution with carbon dioxide under pressure in the presence of an amine and of an organic solvent.1. Carbon dioxide is introduced under a pressure of5-80 bars into a mixture essentially containing1.1 an aqueous sodium chloride solution,1.2 a tertiary amine,1.3 a non-polar, organic solvent, and1.4 a polar, organic solvent having a boiling point above 140.degree. C.,2. the aqueous and organic phases obtained are separated under the same pressure as step 1,3. the aqueous phase is rid of the precipitated sodium bicarbonate and following reconcentration with sodium chloride is fed back into process stage 1 (carbonization),4. the organic phase(s) containing the polar and non-polar organic solvents is (are) heated and the hydrogen chloride released is evacuated, and5. the tertiary amine, polar and non-polar organic solvents from step 4 are recirculated to step 1.

Abstract: A process for producing sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen chloride by reacting an aqueous sodium chloride solution with carbon dioxide in the presence of an amine and an organic solvent. The steps of the process are carried out, wherein:(1) carbon dioxide is introduced into a mixture containing essentially(1.1) an aqueous sodium chloride solution,(1.2) a tertiary amine, and(1.3) a polar, organic solvent;(2) the aqueous and organic phases so obtained are separated;(3) the aqueous phase freed from the separated sodium bicarbonate following reconcentration with sodium chloride is fed back into process stage 1 (carbonization stage);(4) the organic phase (s) (is) are separated from the polar organic solvent and possibly of water to the widest possible extent and/or required; and(5) the residue containing a non-polar solvent is heated and the hydrogen chloride is removed.

Abstract: A process for preparing sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen chloride by reacting an aqueous sodium chloride solution with carbon dioxide under pressure in the presence of an amine and of an organic solvent.1. Carbon dioxide is introduced under a pressure of8-80 bars into a mixture essentially containing1.1 an aqueous sodium chloride solution,1.2 a tertiary amine,1.3 a non-polar organic solvent, and1.4 a polar, organic solvent having a boiling point above 140.degree. C.,2. the aqueous and organic phases obtained are separated under the same pressure as step 1,3. the aqueous phase is rid of the precipitated sodium bicarbonate and following reconcentration with sodium chloride is fed back into process stage 1 (carbonization),4. the organic phase(s) containing the polar and non-polar organic solvents is (are) heated and the hydrogen chloride released is evacuated, and5. the tertiary amine, polar and non-polar organic solvents from step 4 are recirculated in step 1.

Abstract: According to the present invention, ammonia and hydrogen chloride are prepared from ammonium chloride.The steps of the process include:1. heating a mixture consisting essentially of(a) ammonium chloride,(b) a water-insoluble amine, and(c) an organic solvent;2. evacuating the ammonia released thereby;3. removing the polar solvent and any water remaining in the sump to the extent possible and/or required; and4. heating the residue containing a non-polar and/or a weakly polar solvent and removing the hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: A compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is alkyl of 8-22 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain or hydroxyalkyl of 2-22 carbon atoms; and R' and R" each independently is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 -alkyl provided that R' and R" are not simultaneously hydrogen, and R' and R" in total have 8-20 carbon atoms;andin I, x is 0.5-5 and y is 5-50; andin II, z is freely selectable with the proviso that the sum total of all x for a given z is 0.5-5 and the sum total of all y for a given z is 5-50;and m is 1 or 2.

Abstract: Compounds of the following formula are suitable for reducing the interfacial surface tension of oily phases with respect to water: ##STR1## wherein z is 1 or 2,R, for z=1, is alkyl, aralkyl, or alkylaryl of 8-22 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, or hydroxyalkyl of 2-22 carbon atoms, and, for z=2, is (aryl)alkylene of 4-18 carbon atoms,R' and R" each independently is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 -alkyl wherein R' and R" are not simultaneously hydrogen and R' and R" together have 8-20 total carbon atoms,x is 10-40 andy is 1.2-5.

Abstract: An improvement in the process for obtaining gaseous hydrogen chloride by extracting dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid with amines wherein:(a) the aqueous hydrochloric acid is extracted with an amine or a mixture of an amine and an inert, water-immiscible solvent boiling at not less than 120.degree. C., using tertiary alkylamines which contain 14 to 36 carbon atoms in the nitrogen-bonded side chains, which side chains include at most one nitrogen-bonded methyl group and at least one nitrogen-bonded aliphatic radical containing at least 6 carbon atoms, the acid constant K.sub.a of the amine being less than 10.sup.-3 ;(b) an inert, water-immiscible solvent boiling at not less than 120.degree. C.

Abstract: A method of purifying tertiary amines by removing sec. and prim. amines and/or their hydrochlorides produced in the manufacture of the tertiary amines. The impurities are removed by dissolving the impure tertiary amines in an organic solvent and the resulting solution is passed over absorbents such as aluminum oxides having a specific surface area of about 100 to 400 square meters per gram. The sec. and prim. amines and/or their hydrochlorides are retained on the adsorbents and pure tertiary amines are useful in the solvents or can be separated therefrom. The adsorbents are regenerated by passing polar solvents thereover to remove the sec. and prim. amines and/or their hydrochlorides.

Abstract: A method of separating HBr from a mixture of HBr/HCl using the difference in the stability to heat of the amine hydrohalides thereof. A mixture of HBr/HCl is treated with a solution of an amine and the HCl is split off, by the action of heat, from the amine hydrochlorides in the resulting mixture of amine hydrochlorides and amine hydrobromides, and the HBr is then recovered from the residual amine hydrobromides with the aid of a base and optionally recovered.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing hydrogen chloride by splitting off hydrogen chloride from solutions of amine hydrochlorides. The hydrogen chloride is split off by heating the amine hydrochlorides at 100.degree. to 250.degree. C. in an inert, organic, essentially non-polar solvent having a boiling point at least 20.degree. C. above the temperature of heating while an inert gas stream is passed therethrough. The hydrogen chloride is then separated from the exiting mixture of inert gas and hydrogen chloride. The amine components of the amine hydrochlorides are tertiary alkylamines, tertiary aryldialkylamines, secondary arylalkylamines, primary alkylarylamines or mixtures thereof which contain 14 to 36 carbon atoms in the side chains bonded to nitrogen. Not more than one of the side chains of the amine component is a methyl group bonded to nitrogen and at least one of the side chains is an aliphatic radical, bonded to nitrogen, containing at least 6 carbon atoms. The inert solvents boil above 120.degree. C.

Abstract: Process for the production of gaseous hydrogen chloride by extraction of dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid with amines.(a) The aqueous hydrochloric acid is extracted with an amine or with a mixture of an amine and an inert organic solvent which is immiscible with water and has a lower boiling point than the amine employed, the amines utilized being tertiary alkyl amines, tertiary aryl dialkyl amines, secondary arylalkyl amines, primary alkylaryl amines, or mixtures thereof, which contain 14-32 carbon atoms in the nitrogen-bound side chains, and among these at most one nitrogen-bound methyl group and at least one aliphatic residue containing at least 6 carbon atoms, and wherein the acid constant K.sub.a of the amine is smaller than 10.sup.-3.(b) An inert, water-immiscible organic solvent which has a lower boiling point than the amine employed is added to the extract, unless the solvent has already been added in stage (a).