Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display panel including a sub-display area including an opening and a main display area including no opening, a gate driver supplying a gate signal to the display panel, and a driver controlling the gate driver, wherein the driver separates a sub-clock signal for controlling the sub-display area and a main clock signal for controlling the main display area and varies a pulse width of the sub-clock signal.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display panel including a sub-display area including an opening and a main display area including no opening, a gate driver supplying a gate signal to the display panel, and a driver controlling the gate driver, wherein the driver separates a sub-clock signal for controlling the sub-display area and a main clock signal for controlling the main display area and varies a pulse width of the sub-clock signal.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor a computer to implement a content providing method in conjunction with a computer system may be provided. The content providing method may include providing a game program comprising a game module and a simulation module to a user terminal, the simulation module having same input and output functions as those of the game module, receiving play results comprising first output information of the game module and second output information of the simulation module from the user terminal, the play results are generated by the user terminal while not communicating with a server, and determining whether the a game play at the game module is played fairly based on the first output information of the game module and the second output information of the simulation module.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor a computer to implement a content providing method in conjunction with a computer system may be provided. The content providing method may include providing a game program comprising a game module and a simulation module to a user terminal, the simulation module having same input and output functions as those of the game module, receiving play results comprising first output information of the game module and second output information of the simulation module from the user terminal, the play results are generated by the user terminal while not communicating with a server, and determining whether the a game play at the game module is played fairly based on the first output information of the game module and the second output information of the simulation module.

Abstract: Provided are methods and/or systems for evaluating security of an application. A security evaluation method including storing pattern-information-by-perspective for analyzing a file package based on an obfuscation perspective and a vulnerability perspective, receiving a registration on the file package to be distributed to users for installing and executing an application, analyzing the registered file package based on the pattern-information-by-perspective and generating analysis information of the obfuscation perspective and analysis information of the vulnerability perspective, and providing the generated analysis information of the obfuscation perspective and the analysis information of the vulnerability perspective may be provided.

Abstract: A method of providing a game service including providing a game program including a game module and a simulation module, the simulation module having same input and output functions as those of the game module, receiving, from a user terminal, a play result including output information of the game module with respect to input information and output information of the simulation module with respect to the input information, and determining whether play is fair based on the output information of the game module and the output information of the simulation module may be provided.

Abstract: Provided is a method and system for code obfuscation of an application. A method configured as a computer may include receiving an application program package that includes an intermediate language (IL) code generated by compiling code for an application including a plurality of classes and a plurality of methods as a dex file over a network, selecting a protection target class or a protection target method from among the plurality of classes and the plurality of methods, encrypting the selected protection target class or the selected protection target method by retrieving and encrypting an IL code corresponding to the selected protection target class or the selected protection target method from the dex file, and adding decryption information for decrypting the encrypted protection target class or the encrypted protection target method to a secure module that is further included in the application program package.

Abstract: According to various example embodiments, a first binary, i.e., an original binary of an application, and a second binary to be added to the application may be merged in a binary form without having to modify a source code.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform operations including generating a changed optimization file by changing an original optimization file, the original optimization file being an optimization file created at a point in time at which an intermediate language file for an application is loaded; storing the changed optimization file; creating and storing verification information for verifying whether the intermediate language file is changed; determining whether the intermediate language file is changed based on the stored verification information in response to reloading of the intermediate language file; and creating a new optimization file by deleting the changed optimization file or recovering the original optimization file based on the changed optimization file and reusing the original optimization file, based on whether the intermediate language file is changed.

Abstract: A code protection method may include storing, using a processor of a computer, a package file that includes files for an application on a storage device of the computer; transforming, at the processor, a protection target method and/or function selected from a file that includes an execution code among the files, or converting or deleting a library file among the files; regenerating the package file by adding, to the package file, a first protection module file for restoring the transformed protection target method and/or function or a second protection module file for restoring the library file; and providing the regenerated package file over a network.

Abstract: A file protection method may include receiving a package that includes files for installing and executing an application, adding a protection file for an operation of a file protection module to the package, and providing the package to which the protection file is added over a network. In response to execution of a control command for a desired file that is controlled by the application through a service code of the application at an electronic device on which the application is installed and executed through the package, a protection command included in the file protection module is called and control of the desired file and integrity verification associated with data stored in the desired file are processed in response to the called protection command.

Abstract: Provided are methods and/or systems for evaluating security of an application. A security evaluation method including storing pattern-information-by-perspective for analyzing a file package based on an obfuscation perspective and a vulnerability perspective, receiving a registration on the file package to be distributed to users for installing and executing an application, analyzing the registered file package based on the pattern-information-by-perspective and generating analysis information of the obfuscation perspective and analysis information of the vulnerability perspective, and providing the generated analysis information of the obfuscation perspective and the analysis information of the vulnerability perspective may be provided.

Abstract: Provided is a method, apparatus, system, and non-transitory computer readable medium for extending at least one function of a package file. A function addition method executed at a computer may include storing a package file for an application; extracting, from the package file, a file in which information about a class most initially called in response to execution of the application is set as configuration information of the application; and setting a class name of a new class to an item to which information about the most initially called class is set in the extracted file.

Abstract: A method of providing a game service including providing a game program including a game module and a simulation module, the simulation module having same input and output functions as those of the game module, receiving, from a user terminal, a play result including output information of the game module with respect to input information and output information of the simulation module with respect to the input information, and determining whether play is fair based on the output information of the game module and the output information of the simulation module may be provided.

Abstract: Provided is a method and system for code obfuscation of an application. A method configured as a computer may include receiving an application program package that includes an intermediate language (IL) code generated by compiling code for an application including a plurality of classes and a plurality of methods as a dex file over a network, selecting a protection target class or a protection target method from among the plurality of classes and the plurality of methods, encrypting the selected protection target class or the selected protection target method by retrieving and encrypting an IL code corresponding to the selected protection target class or the selected protection target method from the dex file, and adding decryption information for decrypting the encrypted protection target class or the encrypted protection target method to a secure module that is further included in the application program package.

Abstract: According to various example embodiments, a first binary, i.e., an original binary of an application, and a second binary to be added to the application may be merged in a binary form without having to modify a source code.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes channel layers arranged in a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction; stacked insulating layers surrounding sidewalls of the channel layers; stacked gate electrodes interposed between the insulating layers, the gate electrodes respectively surrounding the channel layers; and stacked gate lines interposed between the insulating layers, the gate lines electrically connecting the gate electrodes to each other.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes channel layers arranged in a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction; stacked insulating layers surrounding sidewalls of the channel layers; stacked gate electrodes interposed between the insulating layers, the gate electrodes respectively surrounding the channel layers; and stacked gate lines interposed between the insulating layers, the gate lines electrically connecting the gate electrodes to each other.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes channel layers arranged in a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction; stacked insulating layers surrounding sidewalls of the channel layers; stacked gate electrodes interposed between the insulating layers, the gate electrodes respectively surrounding the channel layers; and stacked gate lines interposed between the insulating layers, the gate lines electrically connecting the gate electrodes to each other.

Abstract: Provided is a method, apparatus, system, and non-transitory computer readable medium for extending at least one function of a package file. A function addition method executed at a computer may include storing a package file for an application; extracting, from the package file, a file in which information about a class most initially called in response to execution of the application is set as configuration information of the application; and setting a class name of a new class to an item to which information about the most initially called class is set in the extracted file.