Abstract: A method of setting a read voltage by a memory controller and a storage device are provided. The method includes controlling a memory device to read data from memory cells by applying a test read voltage to a selected word line; receiving, from the memory device, cell count information corresponding to a read operation of the memory device, and renewing the test read voltage by using the cell count information and a cost function to find an optimum read voltage, the cost function being determined for each read voltage level; and determining a read voltage by performing the controlling of the memory device and the renewing of the test read voltage at least once.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a filter, a central processing unit (CPU), a first memory configured to store a page, a second memory, and a page type analyzer configured to analyze a type of the page output from the first memory and to transmit an indication signal to the CPU according to an analysis result. According to control of the CPU that operates based on the indication signal, the filter passes the page to the second memory or filters each row in the page, and transmits first filtered data to the second memory.

Abstract: An all-in-one data storage device includes a secondary memory providing read data in response to a read command, an internal hardware filter that filters the first read data according to filtering condition data in order to output filtered data, a primary memory, a host controller, and a memory controller that stores the filtered data in the primary memory and thereafter communicates the filtered data to the host controller.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a first memory device configured to provide first read data in response to a first read command, a controller including a hardware filter configured to generate first hint information based on a result of comparison of the first read data with filtering condition data and a processor configured to determine whether the first read data is to be filtered based on the first hint information, selectively filter the first read data based on the filtering condition data based on the determination result, and generate first filtered data, and a second memory device configured to store the first filtered data. The controller communicates the first filtered data to a host.

Abstract: A write operation is performed in a memory system by encoding, in the memory system, original data transmitted from a host system, according to a first type of host command, to produce an encoding result, transmitting information about the encoding result to the host system after the encoding, and writing the encoding result or the original data into a nonvolatile memory device, according to a second host command, wherein the second host command is transmitted from the host system based on the information about the encoding result.

Abstract: A method of decoding data of a non-volatile memory device is provided. The method includes a first decoding operation of reading first hard decision data from the non-volatile memory device using a first hard decision read level and performing decoding using the first hard decision data; a second decoding operation of reading first soft decision data from the non-volatile memory device when the decoding fails in the first decoding operation, and performing decoding using the first soft decision; and a third decoding operation of changing from the first hard decision read level to a second hard decision read level when the decoding fails in the second decoding operation, reading second hard decision data using the second hard decision read level, and performing decoding either using the second hard decision data or using both the second hard decision data and the first soft decision data.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a central processing unit (CPU) executing an application and a hardware filter. A method of operation the data storage device may include initializing the hardware filter based on initialization information corresponding to a changed application when the application is changed so that the hardware filter supports the changed application, filtering read data that is output from a second memory based on filtering condition data, outputting the filtered data using the hardware filter that has been initialized, and transmitting the filtered data to a host via a first memory.

Abstract: The inventive concept provides apparatuses and methods for monitoring semiconductor fabrication processes in real time using polarized light. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises a light source configured to generate light, a beam splitter configured to reflect the light toward the wafer being processed, an objective polarizer configured to polarize the light reflected toward the wafer and to allow light reflected by the wafer to pass therethrough, a blaze grating configured to separate light reflected by the wafer according to wavelength, an array detector configured to detect the separated light and an analyzer to analyze the three-dimensional profile of the structure/pattern being formed in the wafer.

Abstract: A display method of a scenario emoticon using an instant message service is provided. The display method includes displaying a scenario emoticon selection region showing at least one thumbnail image of at least one scenario emoticon; receiving an input of a selection upon one from the at least one thumbnail image; and displaying, in response to the selection, a scenario emoticon on a display region within a chat window where an instant message is output. When the play file is played, the at least one object is displayed according to a preset scenario, if a user interaction upon the object is input while the play file is played, a status of the object is changed in response to the user interaction.

Abstract: A data storage device is configured to perform data de-duplication. A method of operating the data storage device includes receiving a first command and write data output from a host and storing the write data in a volatile memory in response to the first command, and writing the write data stored in the volatile memory in a non-volatile memory in response to a second command output from the host.

Abstract: The inventive concept provides apparatuses and methods for monitoring semiconductor fabrication processes in real time using polarized light. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises a light source configured to generate light, a beam splitter configured to reflect the light toward the wafer being processed, an objective polarizer configured to polarize the light reflected toward the wafer and to allow light reflected by the wafer to pass therethrough, a blaze grating configured to separate light reflected by the wafer according to wavelength, an array detector configured to detect the separated light and an analyzer to analyze the three-dimensional profile of the structure/pattern being formed in the wafer.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a first memory device configured to provide first read data in response to a first read command, a controller including a hardware filter configured to generate first hint information based on a result of comparison of the first read data with filtering condition data and a processor configured to determine whether the first read data is to be filtered based on the first hint information, selectively filter the first read data based on the filtering condition data based on the determination result, and generate first filtered data, and a second memory device configured to store the first filtered data. The controller communicates the first filtered data to a host.

Abstract: A method for analyzing an object includes measuring a first reflectivity of light from a surface and measuring a second reflectivity of light from the object, after the object is formed on the surface. A variation between the first and second reflectivities is calculated, and the variation is transformed by a predetermined transform. A thickness of the object is determined based on the transformed variation.

Abstract: The inventive concept provides apparatuses and methods for monitoring semiconductor fabrication processes in real time using polarized light. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises a light source configured to generate light, a beam splitter configured to reflect the light toward the wafer being processed, an objective polarizer configured to polarize the light reflected toward the wafer and to allow light reflected by the wafer to pass therethrough, a blaze grating configured to separate light reflected by the wafer according to wavelength, an array detector configured to detect the separated light and an analyzer to analyze the three-dimensional profile of the structure/pattern being formed in the wafer.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory controller in a memory system including a nonvolatile memory device includes; erasing memory cells of a target memory block of the non-volatile memory device on a block basis, and then searching for a bad memory cell by a performing an erase verifying operation, comparing a threshold voltage of the bad memory cell to a reference voltage to generate comparison results, and designating as a bad area one of the entire target memory block, and a sub-block of the target memory block in response to the comparison results.

Abstract: Provided are an electrode additive coated with a coating material made of electrically conductive materials such as metal hydroxides, metal oxides or metal carbonates, and an electrode and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same. The electrode additive in accordance with the present invention can improve high temperature storage characteristics of the battery, without deterioration of performance thereof.

Abstract: A method of decoding data of a non-volatile memory device is provided. The method includes a first decoding operation of reading first hard decision data from the non-volatile memory device using a first hard decision read level and performing decoding using the first hard decision data; a second decoding operation of reading first soft decision data from the non-volatile memory device when the decoding fails in the first decoding operation, and performing decoding using the first soft decision; and a third decoding operation of changing from the first hard decision read level to a second hard decision read level when the decoding fails in the second decoding operation, reading second hard decision data using the second hard decision read level, and performing decoding either using the second hard decision data or using both the second hard decision data and the first soft decision data.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a central processing unit (CPU) executing an application and a hardware filter. A method of operation the data storage device may include initializing the hardware filter based on initialization information corresponding to a changed application when the application is changed so that the hardware filter supports the changed application, filtering read data that is output from a second memory based on filtering condition data, outputting the filtered data using the hardware filter that has been initialized, and transmitting the filtered data to a host via a first memory.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a filter, a central processing unit (CPU), a first memory configured to store a page, a second memory, and a page type analyzer configured to analyze a type of the page output from the first memory and to transmit an indication signal to the CPU according to an analysis result. According to control of the CPU that operates based on the indication signal, the filter passes the page to the second memory or filters each row in the page, and transmits first filtered data to the second memory.

Abstract: A data storage device is configured to perform data de-duplication. A method of operating the data storage device includes receiving a first command and write data output from a host and storing the write data in a volatile memory in response to the first command, and writing the write data stored in the volatile memory in a non-volatile memory in response to a second command output from the host.