Abstract: A battery pack has reduced manufacturing cost, improved heat dissipation efficiency, and enhanced product stability. The battery pack includes a cover structure including a first cover frame having a plate shape with both front and rear ends bent leftward to form an inner space and a second cover frame having a portion coupled to the first cover frame and having a plate shape with both front and rear ends bent rightward to form an inner space; a first battery module having a plurality of battery cells; and a second battery module having a plurality of battery cells.

Abstract: A method for absorbing vehicle's impact includes primarily absorbing impact energy of the vehicle by dragging action of a front barrier and a first dragging kinetic frictional rolling force inducing member that are sequentially inserted and installed in a front end portion of a rolled tube made of a soft material, so that a maximum deceleration of the vehicle slows to 20 g or less. The method further includes dragging a second dragging kinetic frictional rolling force inducing member having a kinetic friction coefficient larger than that of the first dragging kinetic frictional rolling force inducing member and installed at an intermediate portion of the rolled tube to secondarily absorb and reduce kinetic energy.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to continuously secure a displacement while dynamic kinetic energy of a vehicle is absorbed by a kinetic frictional force and rolling force produced by dragging a surface of a soft rolled tube, and to let an evaluation index of PHD belong to a passenger safety index by slowly maintaining the maximum deceleration applied to the vehicle and passenger, thereby preventing a human in safe against fatal impact.

Abstract: A shock absorber is disclosed. In the shock absorber, a unit cross member consists of two longitudinal arms. The two arms cross each other and are hinged to each other at the cross, thus being selectively closed by impact. One or more wires are vertically connected to the two crossing arms. Two guide panels are vertically positioned on opposite sides of the cross member and movably engage with associated arm ends of the cross member. In another embodiment, a plurality of cross members are coupled to each other in at least one of X, Y and Z-axes, thus forming a scissor assembly. The above shock absorber effectively absorbs impact or kinetic energy using the rupture stress of wires while changing the direction of impact force into a vertical direction and securing an effective displacement.