Abstract: Optically active formulations useful as inks in extrusion-based deposition techniques and solids formed of the formulations are described. Formulations include a cellulose derivative in a chiral nematic phase and a polyethylene glycol interspersed with the cellulose derivative as stabilization to the cholesteric pitch of the chiral nematic phase. The inks can be utilized in direct ink writing processes to produce printed films or three-dimensional structures with long-lasting colors that stem from the nanostructure of the chiral nematic phase. The ink can include reactive monomers which can be polymerized to create optically active solid elastomers.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of treating a semiconductor surface by nitridation and deposition of a ruthenium alloy. Also disclosed are semiconductors treated with these methods, their incorporation into photoelectrochemical cells, and their use in photoelectrochemical water splitting.