Abstract: Systems are provided for assessing the likelihood that a sample of cardiac tissue will spontaneously exhibit disordered electrical activity. These systems induce ventricular tachycardia or other disordered electrical activity in a sample of human and/or animal cardiac tissue either in vivo or in vitro. This system can be used to assess the ability of various pharmaceuticals, genetic modifications, electrical pacing, surgical ablation, or other therapeutic interventions to prevent or halt such disordered electrical activity. This system detects electrical activity from a plurality of points on the surface of the sample of cardiac tissue and generates one or more maps of monophasic action potential amplitude, monophasic action potential duration, local field amplitude, or other electrophysiological parameters of the cardiac tissue.

Abstract: A method of protecting an outdoor surface includes providing an outdoor surface and providing a single flexible vinyl membrane having a polyvinyl chloride upper layer with a thickness of from 0.02 inches to 0.06 inches and a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric lower layer having a weight of from 2 ounces/yard2 to 6 ounces/yard2. The single flexible vinyl membrane is installed by covering the outdoor surface with the single flexible vinyl membrane and affixing the single flexible vinyl membrane to the outdoor surface, and the single flexible vinyl membrane is installable onto the outdoor surface by a single individual. In some cases, the single flexible vinyl membrane is not installed by hot air welding. The single flexible vinyl membrane may further be trimmed to a shape similar to, or like the shape of the outdoor surface.