Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for in situ observation of reservoirs, such as syringes, during the freeze thaw cycle to allow for more in depth understanding of the behavior of the system. The systems and methods may include an inert environment and/or a low concentration (e.g., on the order of parts per million (ppm)) of water, which may inhibit frost formation.

Abstract: Compounds of formula (1a) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and hydrates thereof and related methods of modulatin perforin activity on a cell: wherein Ring A is selected from a 6-10 membered aryl, 5-6 membered cycloalkyi, 5-6 membered heteroaryl or 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, wherein the heteroaryl and heterocyclyl rings comprise at least one heteroatom selected from N, O or S; and wherein the aryl, cycloalkyi, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl rings are optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from halo, nitro, —C1-Cealkyl, —C1-Ceaminoalkyl, —C1-C6hydroxyalkyl, -haloC1-C6alkyl, —C1-C6alkoxyl, -haloC1—C<aIkoxyl, heteroaryl, aryl, hydroxyl, —C(0)Ci-C6alkyl, —OC(0)Ci-C6alkyl, —CH2OC(O)CrC6alkyl, —C(O)OC1, —C6alkyI, —NHC(O)C1, —C6alkyl, —NHS(O)2C1-C6alkyl, —S(O)2C1-C6alkyl, —S(O)2NH2, and —C(O)NJJ; Ring B is a 6-10 membered arylene or a 5-6 membered heteroarylene comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, 0 or S; and wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally, substituted wit

Abstract: Compounds of formula (1a) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and hydrates thereof and related methods of modulatin perforin activity on a cell: wherein Ring A is selected from a 6-10 membered aryl, 5-6 membered cycloalkyi, 5-6 membered heteroaryl or 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, wherein the heteroaryl and heterocyclyl rings comprise at least one heteroatom selected from N, O or S; and wherein the aryl, cycloalkyi, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl rings are optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from halo, nitro, —C1-Cealkyl, —C1-Ceaminoalkyl, —C1-C6hydroxyalkyl, -haloC1-C6alkyl, —C1-C6alkoxyl, -haloC1—C<aIkoxyl, heteroaryl, aryl, hydroxyl, —C(0)Ci-C6alkyl, —OC(0)Ci-C6alkyl, —CH2OC(O)CrC6alkyl, —C(O)OC1, —C6alkyI, —NHC(O)C1, —C6alkyl, —NHS(O)2C1-C6alkyl, —S(O)2C1-C6alkyl, —S(O)2NH2, and —C(O)NJJ; Ring B is a 6-10 membered arylene or a 5-6 membered heteroarylene comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, 0 or S; and wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally, substituted wit