Abstract: In a method for evaluating a fixing member to fix a toner having a surface layer, a hardness test is carried out by applying a pressure deformation from the surface side of the fixing member, and when a deformation of the surface layer by the pressure deformation is within an elastic range, the fixing member is regarded as a standard product.

Abstract: A method for evaluating a fixing belt includes forming a fixing belt which includes a substrate, an elastic layer laminated on the substrate, and a mold releasing layer laminated on the elastic layer. A universal hardness test for the fixing belt is performed. The fixing belt is judged as an acceptable product if a creep value CHU is included within a range of 0.40?CHU ?3.50 (%) when the universal hardness test is performed for the fixing belt and when the creep value CHU, which is measured from the side of the mold releasing layer, is defined by the following formula: CHU=(h2-hl)/hl×100 (%) where h1 is a pushed depth when a test load reaches a predetermined value which is kept for a predetermined period of time, and h2 is a pushed depth when a predetermined period of time is elapsed after the test load is removed.

Abstract: In a fixing member having an elastic layer of heat resistance rubber provided on a substrate and a separation layer of fluorocarbon resin provided on the elastic layer, the fluorocarbon resin is that a tensile strength of a 30 ?m coating film burned at 340° C. is equal or greater than 25 MPa. The heat resistance rubber includes, for example, silicone rubber or fluorosilicone rubber as a major component. The fluorocarbon resin includes PFA as a major component, for example.

Abstract: In a method for evaluating a fixing member to fix a toner having a surface layer, a hardness test is carried out by applying a pressure deformation from the surface side of the fixing member, and when a deformation of the surface layer by the pressure deformation is within an elastic range, the fixing member is regarded as a standard product.

Abstract: In a method for evaluating a fixing member to fix a toner having a surface layer, a hardness test is carried out by applying a pressure deformation from the surface side of the fixing member, and when a deformation of the surface layer by the pressure deformation is within an elastic range, the fixing member is regarded as a standard product.

Abstract: Disclosed are a fixing belt and a method for evaluating it in which an occurrence of crumple can be prevented by means of accurate evaluation whether a surface of the fixing belt has a appropriate flexibility or not. In this method for evaluating, a universal hardness test is achieved for the fixing belt in which an elastic layer and a mold releasing layer are laminated on a substrate, the fixing belt is judged as an acceptable product if a creep value CHU is included within a range of 0.40?CHU?3.50 (%) when a creep value CHU which is measured from the mold releasing layer side is defined by CHU=(h2?h1)/h1×100 (%) where h1 is a pushed depth (mm) when a test load reaches a predetermined value which is kept for a predetermined period of time, and h2 is a pushed depth (mm) when a predetermined period of time is elapsed after the test load is removed.

Abstract: Disclosed are a fixing belt and a method for evaluating it in which an occurrence of crumple can be prevented by means of accurate evaluation whether a surface of the fixing belt has a appropriate flexibility or not. In this method for evaluating, a universal hardness test is achieved for the fixing belt in which an elastic layer and a mold releasing layer are laminated on a substrate, the fixing belt is judged as an acceptable product if a creep value CHU is included within a range of 0.40?CHU?3.50(%) when a creep value CHU which is measured from the mold releasing layer side is defined by a formula below. CHU=(h2?h1)/h1×100(%) where h1 is a pushed depth (mm) when a test load reaches a predetermined value which is kept for a predetermined period of time, and h2 is a pushed depth (mm) when a predetermined period of time is elapsed after the test load is removed.

Abstract: In a fixing member (10) having an elastic layer (2) of heat resistance rubber provided on a substrate 1 and a separation layer (3) of fluorocarbon resin provided on the elastic layer, the fluorocarbon resin is that a tensile strength of a 30 &mgr;m coating film burned at 340° C. is equal or greater than 25 MPa. The heat resistance rubber includes, for example, silicone rubber or fluorosilicone rubber as a major component. The fluorocarbon resin includes PFA as a major component, for example.

Abstract: In a method for evaluating a fixing member to fix a toner having a surface layer, a hardness test is carried out by applying a pressure deformation from the surface side of the fixing member, and when a deformation of the surface layer by the pressure deformation is within an elastic range, the fixing member is regarded as a standard product.

Abstract: A test measurement of the universal hardness is carried for a fixing belt (20) formed by sequentially coating an elastic layer (22) and a separation layer onto a base element (21), in which case, the universal hardness is determined for each of indentation depths of 1 &mgr;m and 4 &mgr;m from the surface side of the separation layer (23). The fixing belt (20) can be regarded as a standard product, when the universal hardness HU for the indentation depth of 1 &mgr;m satisfies the relation, HU≦30 [N/mm2], and, at the same time, when the universal hardness HU for the indentation depth of 4 &mgr;m satisfies the relation, HU≦12 [N/mm2].

Abstract: Disclosed are a fixing belt and a method for evaluating it in which an occurrence of crumple can be prevented by means of accurate evaluation whether a surface of the fixing belt has a appropriate flexibility or not.

Abstract: A development roller for developing a latent electrostatic image to a visible toner image with toner, including a surface layer which contains a guanamine-skeleton-containing compound.

Abstract: A developing roller of monocomponent developing system, in which a low hygroscopic material is used for a dielectric layer, thereby suppressing a change of electric properties of the layer caused by water absorption, that is, a dielectric layer using a low hygroscopic material, namely, a low hygroscopic elastomer or a low hygroscopic polymer is used at an outer surface of a conductive supporting body where, as a concrete example of the elstomer or the polymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylenic copolymer, rigid polyvinyl chloride, fluoro resin, acetal resin or mixtures thereof, or the elastomer or the polymer in which manganese-aluminum magnet, strontium ferrite, barrium ferrite of mixtures thereof is dispersed.