Abstract: A bipolar plate having side ports is described for use with an electrochemical cell. A side port having a high aspect ratio will have an effect on the partial pressure of the reactant gasses and prevent high pressure drop of the working fluid transport to the electrodes. The membrane electrode assembly may have a high aspect ratio and the port opening may be on the long side of the bipolar plate. The electrochemical cell may be configured in an enclosure that is maintained at less than atmospheric pressure which further increases the need for low pressure drop fuel deliver to the electrodes, especially in electrochemical compressor applications.

Abstract: A bipolar plate having side ports is described for use with an electrochemical cell. A side port having a high aspect ratio will have an effect on the partial pressure of the reactant gasses and prevent high pressure drop of the working fluid transport to the electrodes. The membrane electrode assembly may have a high aspect ratio and the port opening may be on the long side of the bipolar plate. The electrochemical cell may be configured in an enclosure that is maintained at less than atmospheric pressure which further increases the need for low pressure drop fuel deliver to the electrodes, especially in electrochemical compressor applications.

Abstract: A variable pitch propeller apparatus enables a propeller to have different pitch angles in one revolution about the drive shaft. The propellers are coupled to a race that is flexible and actuated into different offset distances by a race-deflector. A race-linkage may extend between the race and the propeller or drive shaft coupler to rotate the propeller to a pitch angle as determined by the offset distance to the race. A race-linkage may incorporate one or more wheels that engages with the race and rolls along the race and about the drive shaft. An aircraft utilizing one or more of the variable pitch propeller apparatus may be able to produce downward thrust for vertical take-off and landing and transition to forward flight. The pitch of the propellers may be changed from take-off to flight to provide the required propulsion for the aircraft.

Abstract: A variable pitch propeller apparatus enables a propeller to have different pitch angles in one revolution about the drive shaft. The propellers are coupled to a race that is flexible and actuated into different offset distances by a race-deflector. A race-linkage may extend between the race and the propeller or drive shaft coupler to rotate the propeller to a pitch angle as determined by the offset distance to the race. A race-linkage may incorporate one or more wheels that engages with the race and rolls along the race and about the drive shaft. An aircraft utilizing one or more of the variable pitch propeller apparatus may be able to produce downward thrust for vertical take-off and landing and transition to forward flight. The pitch of the propellers may be changed from take-off to flight to provide the required propulsion for the aircraft.

Abstract: An inverting wing propulsion system is disclosed. A vehicle body having a left side and a right side is provided with a wing drive assembly. At least two wings are operatively associated with the wing drive. At least one wing extends from each of the right side and the left side of the body. The wings are adapted to be driven by the wing drive assembly to engage in a reciprocating motion between a raised orientation and a lowered orientation. The reciprocating motion is characterized by a downward arcuate motion, where said wings fully extend from the body so as to generate an upward thrust, and by an upward motion, where the wings are retracted so as to produce reduced, minimized or negligible downward thrust.

Abstract: An inverting wing propulsion system is disclosed. A vehicle body having a left side and a right side is provided with a wing drive assembly. At least two wings are operatively associated with the wing drive. At least one wing extends from each of the right side and the left side of the body. The wings are adapted to be driven by the wing drive assembly to engage in a reciprocating motion between a raised orientation and a lowered orientation. The reciprocating motion is characterized by a downward arcuate motion, where said wings fully extend from the body so as to generate an upward thrust, and by an upward motion, where the wings are retracted so as to produce reduced, minimized or negligible downward thrust.

Abstract: A novel method and device for exercising the rotary torso muscles of the human body, wherein the device is an exercise machine on which a user's body is supported in a generally supine position. The machine is comprised of a frame structure with a rotable upper torso support (including a head and back rest), a rotatable lower torso support (including a seat) and feet stabilizing rollers, aligned longitudinally. The device further comprises a knee cushion for rotating the lower torso support and a peg upon a weight support arm for holding free weights that impart resistance against the rotation of the upper and lower torso supports. In an alternate embodiment, additional resistance to the rotation movement is provided by a belt mechanism which wraps around a disk connected to the axle of the upper torso support and up through the weight support arm upon which free weights are placed.

Abstract: A rotary torso exercise machine that isolates and targets the internal and external oblique muscles on both sides of the torso as well as providing conditioning to the rectus abdominis muscle. The machine supports a user's body in a generally supine position and includes five essential features, a frame, fixed feet stabilizing rollers, a fixed lower torso support or seat, a rotatable upper torso support, and a peg for holding free weights that impart resistance against the rotation of the upper torso support. The user may selectively vary the mount and direction of resistance as well as the degree of rotation. The machine may be easily converted for use as either a back or abdominal exercise.