Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes a cathode formed from a cathode active material including a first cathode active material particle and a second cathode active material particle, an anode and a separator interposed between the cathode and the anode. The first cathode active material particle includes a lithium metal oxide including a continuous concentration gradient in at least one region between a central portion and a surface portion. The second cathode active material particle includes a lithium metal oxide including elements the same as those of the first cathode active material particle, and the second cathode active material particle has a uniform composition from a central portion to a surface.

Abstract: An apparatus for a transmit end in a wireless communication system is provided. The apparatus includes at least one scrambler configured to scramble a transmission bit stream, wherein the at least one scrambler comprises, a first circulation unit configured to output, during one cycle, at least one bit for scrambling odd-numbered bits of the transmission bit stream and at least one bit for scrambling even-numbered bits of the transmission bit stream, a second circulation unit configured to output, during one cycle, at least one bit for scrambling odd-numbered bits of the transmission bit stream and at least one bit for scrambling even-numbered bits of the transmission bit stream, and operators configured to generate a scrambled bit stream, wherein each of the operators generates a scrambled bit using an input bit, an output bit from the first circulation unit and an output bit from the second circulation unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for a transmit end in a wireless communication system is provided. The apparatus includes at least one scrambler configured to scramble a transmission bit stream, wherein the at least one scrambler comprises, a first circulation unit configured to output, during one cycle, at least one bit for scrambling odd-numbered bits of the transmission bit stream and at least one bit for scrambling even-numbered bits of the transmission bit stream, a second circulation unit configured to output, during one cycle, at least one bit for scrambling odd-numbered bits of the transmission bit stream and at least one bit for scrambling even-numbered bits of the transmission bit stream, and operators configured to generate a scrambled bit stream, wherein each of the operators generates a scrambled bit using an input bit, an output bit from the first circulation unit and an output bit from the second circulation unit.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for scrambling in a wireless communication system are provided. The apparatus includes a selector, a plurality of scramblers, and a plurality of modulators. The selector selects a scrambling scheme to be applied to a transmission bit stream according to a modulation scheme to be applied to the transmission bit stream. The plurality of scramblers scramble the transmission bit stream according to a scrambling scheme corresponding to each of a plurality of modulation schemes. The plurality of modulators modulate the scrambled transmission bit stream according to the plurality of modulation schemes.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) in a wireless communication system are provided. A receiver includes a Media Access Control (MAC) layer part for error-checking each MAC Packet Data Units (PDUs) extracted from a physical layer burst, and generating HARQ combination control information according to a result of the error check; a receiving part for receiving a retransmit burst; and a combiner for selecting one or more Forward Error Correction (FEC) blocks from the retransmit burst according to the HARQ combination control information, and HARQ-combining the selected one or more FEC blocks.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for scrambling in a wireless communication system are provided. The apparatus includes a selector, a plurality of scramblers, and a plurality of modulators. The selector selects a scrambling scheme to be applied to a transmission bit stream according to a modulation scheme to be applied to the transmission bit stream. The plurality of scramblers scramble the transmission bit stream according to a scrambling scheme corresponding to each of a plurality of modulation schemes. The plurality of modulators modulate the scrambled transmission bit stream according to the plurality of modulation schemes.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) in a wireless communication system are provided. A receiver includes a Media Access Control (MAC) layer part for error-checking each MAC Packet Data Units (PDUs) extracted from a physical layer burst, and generating HARQ combination control information according to a result of the error check; a receiving part for receiving a retransmit burst; and a combiner for selecting one or more Forward Error Correction (FEC) blocks from the retransmit burst according to the HARQ combination control information, and HARQ-combining the selected one or more FEC blocks.