Abstract: Disclosed are novel compounds of Chemical Formula 1, optical isomers of the compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers. The compounds, isomers, and salts exhibit excellent activity as GLP-1 receptor agonists. In particular, they, as GLP-1 receptor agonists, exhibit excellent glucose tolerance, thus having a great potential to be used as therapeutic agents for metabolic diseases. Moreover, they exhibit excellent pharmacological safety for cardiovascular systems.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the method includes sensing, by a memory device, a temperature of the memory device; and generating, by the memory device, a response to a single received command. The response includes temperature information, and the temperature information provides information on the sensed temperature. In one embodiment, the single received command is a read status request command, the read status request command requests status information on the memory device, and the status information includes the temperature information.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the method includes sensing, by a memory device, a temperature of the memory device; and generating, by the memory device, a response to a single received command. The response includes temperature information, and the temperature information provides information on the sensed temperature. In one embodiment, the single received command is a read status request command, the read status request command requests status information on the memory device, and the status information includes the temperature information.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of crystallizing .alpha.-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester, which is a sweetening agent substituting sugar and commonly referred to as aspartame. An aspartame solution is sprayed and droplets of the solution fall downward. Cold airflow is blown to the falling droplets of the aspartame solution to cool them. The aspartame dissolved in the droplets crystallizes, and the slurry including the aspartame crystals and the remaining solution is collected for further processes. Also disclosed is a crystallizer for cooling crystallizing the aspartame solution with this method. The crystallizer has an atomizer for spraying the aspartame solution supplied thereto and an air inlet and an air outlet. The cold air is blown into the crystallizer through the air inlet, cools the droplets of the aspartame solution, and is discharged through air outlet.