Abstract: A smoking article with an improved tobacco flavor and a method of producing the same are provided. The smoking article according to some embodiments of the present disclosure may include a smoking material portion, a filter portion, and a wrapper wrapped around at least a portion of the smoking material portion. Here, a sheet-type material including a plant extract may be applied to the smoking material portion or the wrapper. By expressing a tobacco flavor during smoking, the sheet-type material can improve a tobacco flavor of the smoking article.

Abstract: A flavoring sheet with improved physical properties, a smoking article including the same, and methods of producing the flavoring sheet and the smoking article are provided. The flavoring sheet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure may include a hydrocolloid material configured to form a sheet, a flavoring, and a plasticizer. The plasticizer can improve physical properties of the flavoring sheet and thus enhance workability of a process of cutting the flavoring sheet.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an offset elimination operation of an internal operational amplifier of a data driving circuit and relates to a technique that applies different offset elimination methods for each position of an operational amplifier.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is provided. The transmitting apparatus includes: an encoder configured to generate a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword by LDPC encoding of input bits based on a parity check matrix including information word bits and parity bits, the LDPC codeword including a plurality of bit groups each including a plurality of bits; an interleaver configured to interleave the LDPC codeword; and a modulator configured to map the interleaved LDPC codeword onto a modulation symbol, wherein the interleaver is further configured to interleave the LDPC codeword such that a bit included in a predetermined bit group from among the plurality of bit groups constituting the LDPC codeword onto a predetermined bit of the modulation symbol.

Abstract: A transmitter apparatus and a receiver apparatus are provided. The transmitter apparatus includes: an encoder configured to generate a low density parity check (LDPC) by performing LDPC encoding; an interleaver configured to interleave the LDPC codeword; and a modulator configured to map the interleaved LDPC codeword onto a modulation symbol. The modulator maps a bit included in a predetermined group from among a plurality of groups constituting the LDPC codeword onto a predetermined bit in the modulation symbol.

Abstract: Disclosed are a separator for fuel cells capable of minimizing the volume of a system and the use of sealants, and a stack for fuel cells, more particularly, a stack for solid oxide fuel cells, including the same. Specifically, by adding a metal sheet having a specific shape, position and size to the separator, the stress applied to the sealant can be uniformized, and thus the oxidizing agent and fuel can be separated and electrically isolated using only a piece of sealant. Therefore, the stack for fuel cells is characterized in that there is no variation in temperature, reactant concentration, power, or the like between respective unit cells, so delamination and microcracks do not occur, the volume is minimized, and the power density per unit volume is very high.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is disclosed. The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder to perform channel encoding with respect to bits and generate a codeword, an interleaver to interleave the codeword, and a modulator to map the interleaved codeword onto a non-uniform constellation according to a modulation scheme, and the constellation may include constellation points defined based on various tables according to the modulation scheme.

Abstract: A method for estimating locomotion in virtual reality performed by at least one processor includes measuring a plurality of pressure points according to a user's locomotion using a high-resolution tactile sensor including a plurality of pressure sensors, extracting a plurality of footprint images including the plurality of measured pressure points, clustering the plurality of pressure points into a first set of pressure points corresponding to a left foot and a second set of pressure points corresponding to a right foot, based on the plurality of extracted footprint images, and estimating at least a portion of a locomotion direction and a locomotion speed of the user using a first cluster corresponding to the first set of pressure points and a second cluster corresponding to the second set of pressure points.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder configured to encode input bits to generate an LDPC codeword including the input bits and parity bits to be transmitted in a current frame; a parity permutator configured to perform by group-wise interleaving a plurality of bit groups configuring the parity bits based on a group-wise interleaving pattern comprising a first pattern and a second pattern; a puncturer configured to puncture some of the parity-permutated parity bits; and an additional parity generator configured to select at least some of the punctured parity bits to generate additional parity bits to be transmitted in a previous frame of the current frame, based on the first pattern and the second pattern.

Abstract: A channel encoding method in a communication or broadcasting system is provided. The channel encoding method includes reading a first sequence corresponding to a parity check matrix, converting the first sequence to a second sequence by applying a certain rule to a block size corresponding to a parity check matrix and the first sequence, and encoding information bits based on the second sequence. The block size has at least two different integer values.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus and a receiving apparatus are provided. The transmitting apparatus includes: an encoder configured to generate a low density parity check (LDPC) codeword by performing LDPC encoding; an interleaver configured to interleave the LDPC codeword; and a modulator configured to modulate the interleaved LDPC codeword according to a modulation method to generate a modulation symbol. The interleaver is formed of a plurality of columns each including a plurality of rows and includes a block interleaver configured to divide each of the plurality of columns into a first part and a second part and interleave the LDPC codeword, the number of rows constituting each column divided into the first part is determined differently depending upon the modulation method, wherein the number of rows constituting each column divided into the second part is determined depending upon the number of rows constituting each column divided into the first part.

Abstract: An encoding apparatus is provided. The encoding includes a low density parity check (LDPC) encoder which performs LDPC encoding on input bits based on a parity-check matrix to generate an LDPC codeword formed of 64,800 bits, in which the parity-check matrix includes an information word sub-matrix and a parity sub-matrix, the information word sub-matrix is formed of a group of a plurality of column blocks each including 360 columns, and the parity-check matrix and the information word sub-matrix are defined by various tables which represent positions of value one (1) present in every 360-th column.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus and a receiving apparatus are provided. The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder configured to generate a low density parity check (LDPC) codeword by performing LDPC encoding, an interleaver configured to interleave the LDPC codeword, and a modulator configured to modulate the interleaved LDPC codeword according to a modulation method to generate a modulation symbol. The interleaver performs interleaving by dividing the LDPC codeword into a plurality of groups, rearranging an order of the plurality of groups in group units, and dividing the plurality of rearranged groups based on a modulation order according to the modulation method.

Abstract: Provided is a method of calibrating a nano measurement scale using a standard material including: measuring widths of a plurality of nanostructures included in the standard material and having pre-designated certified values of different sizes by a microscope; determining measured values for the widths of each of the plurality of nanostructures measured by the microscope based on a predetermined criterion; and calibrating a measurement scale of the microscope based on the certified values and the measured values.

Abstract: A receiver is provided. The receiver includes: a first decoder configured to decode a superposition-coded signal by using a parity check matrix to generate Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) information word bits and first parity bits corresponding to a first layer signal; an encoder configured to encode the LDPC information word bits and the first parity bits to generate second parity bits, or encode the LDPC information word bits to generate the first parity bits and the second parity bits, by using the parity check matrix; and a second decoder configured to decode a signal which is generated by removing the first layer signal, corresponding to the LDPC information word bits, the first parity bits, and the second parity bits, from the superposition-coded signal, to reconstruct bits transmitted through the second layer signal.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is disclosed. The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder to perform channel encoding with respect to bits and generate a codeword, an interleaver to interleave the codeword, and a modulator to map the interleaved codeword onto a non-uniform constellation according to a modulation scheme, and the constellation may include constellation points defined based on various tables according to the modulation scheme.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is disclosed. The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder to perform channel encoding with respect to bits and generate a codeword, an interleaver to interleave the codeword, and a modulator to map the interleaved codeword onto a non-uniform constellation according to a modulation scheme, and the constellation may include constellation points defined based on various tables according to the modulation scheme.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: a segmenter configured to segment information bits into a plurality of blocks based on one of a plurality of preset reference values; an outer encoder configured to encode each of the plurality of blocks to generate first parity bits; and a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder configured to encode each of the plurality of blocks and the first parity bits to generate an LDPC codeword including second parity bits, wherein the one of the preset reference values is determined depending on at least one of a code rate used to encode each of the plurality of blocks and the first parity bits and whether to perform repetition of at least a part of the LDPC codeword in the LDPC codeword.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder which encodes input bits including outer encoded bits to generate an LDPC codeword including the input bits and parity bits to be transmitted to a receiver in a current frame; a puncturer which punctures a part of the parity bits which is not transmitted in the current frame; and an additional parity generator which selects at least a part of the parity bits to generate additional parity bits transmitted to the receiver in a previous frame of the current frame, wherein a number of the additional parity bits is determined based on a number of the outer encoded bits and a number of the parity bits left after the puncturing.

Abstract: An encoding apparatus is provided. The encoding includes a low density parity check (LDPC) encoder which performs LDPC encoding on input bits based on a parity-check matrix to generate an LDPC codeword formed of 64,800 bits, in which the parity-check matrix includes an information word sub-matrix and a parity sub-matrix, the information word sub-matrix is formed of a group of a plurality of column blocks each including 360 columns, and the parity-check matrix and the information word sub-matrix are defined by various tables which represent positions of value one (1) present in every 360-th column.