Abstract: A process providing solubilization of phosphate rock by contacting the rock with sulfurous acid in the presence of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide and ozone. Use of sulfurous acid in combination with a substoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide significantly enhances the solubilization of phosphate rock.

Abstract: An apparatus for promoting heterogeneous chemical and physical reactions in a gas stream using a casing which is substantially liquid and gas tight having a gas inlet in one end and a gas outlet in the other end; nozzle means within the casing having an entry toward said one end in communication with the gas inlet and an outlet toward said other end, said nozzle means having an effective cross-sectional area of about 2 to about 64 times the effective cross-sectional area of the outlet and the mean angle of convergence of the nozzle being about 6.degree. to about 20.degree.; means in the casing for introduction of reactant liquids and solids into the gas stream before said nozzle means; means for removing liquid and particulate matter from said other end of the casing following desired reaction; and means for separately removing the gas from said other end of the casing.

Abstract: A process for promoting heterogeneous chemical and physical reactions in a gas stream using a casing which is substantially liquid and gas tight having a gas inlet in one end and a gas outlet in the other end; nozzle means within the casing having an entry toward said one end in communication with the gas inlet and an outlet toward said other end, said nozzle means having an effective cross-sectional area of about 2 to about 64 times the effective cross-sectional area of the outlet and the mean angle of convergence of the nozzle being about 6.degree. to about 20.degree.; means in the casing for introduction of reactant liquids and solids into the gas stream before said nozzle means; means for removing liquid and particulate matter from said other end of the casing following desired reaction; and means for separately removing the gas from said other end of the casing.

Abstract: A process for the production of fertilizer by reacting sulfur oxide containing gas and water in a multiple state reactor to form sulfur containing acid and reacting the sulfur containing acid with a basic salt which may be solubilized as a result of the acid-base reaction, the basic salt selected from the group consisting of calcium, ammonium and potassium ions, the calcium being derived from a salt selected from the group consisting of phosphatic and nitrogeneous salts, to form a fertilizer selected from the group consisting of phosphatic, nitrogeneous and potassium fertilizers and combinations thereof. The combined sulfur oxide absorption and solubilization of basic salts is conducted at the solution pH of 2.5 to 5. To enhance the further absorption of the sulfur oxide, a solution pH of 3 to 8 is used. This process is suitable for the utilization of sulfur oxides resulting from the combustion of high sulfur containing fossil fuels and sulfur producing chemical processes.

Abstract: Apparatus and method operating at relatively low pressure drop and low initial velocity for removing pollutants down to sub-micron sizes from gas streams comprising a nozzle means accelerating the gas flow and impinging the pollutants upon a plate for removal of a major portion of pollutants and then passing the gas stream through fabric filters for removal of substantially all of the remaining particulate pollutants.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for promoting heterogeneous chemical and physical reactions in a gas stream using a vertical casing which is substantially liquid and gas tight having a gas inlet in the upper portion; means in the upper portion of the casing for introduction of reactant liquids and solids; a nozzle within the casing having an entry at the upper end in communication with the gas inlet and an outlet at the lower end, the entry having an effective cross-sectional area of about 2 to about 64 times the effective cross-sectional area of the outlet and the mean angle of convergence of the nozzle being about 8.degree. to about 18.degree.; means for removing liquid and particulate matter from the lower portion of the casing following desired reaction; and means for separately removing the gas from the lower portion of the casing. The apparatus and process of this invention is especially useful in providing a self-cleaning, non-clogging system for inducing high reaction kinetics.

Abstract: A process for the production of fertilizer by reacting sulfur oxide containing gas and water in a multiple state reactor to form sulfur containing acid and reacting the sulfur containing acid with a basic salt which may be solubilized as a result of the acid-base reaction, the basic salt selected from the group consisting of calcium, ammonium and potassium ions, the calcium being derived from a salt selected from the group consisting of phosphatic and nitrogeneous salts, to form a fertilizer selected from the group consisting of phosphatic, nitrogeneous and potassium fertilizers and combinations thereof. The combined sulfur oxide absorption and solubilization of basic salts is conducted at the solution pH of 2.5 to 5. To enhance the further absorption of the sulfur oxide, a solution pH of 3 to 8 is used. This process is suitable for the utilization of sulfur oxides resulting from the combustion of high sulfur containing fossil fuels and sulfur producing chemical processes.

Abstract: Apparatus operating at low pressure drop and low initial velocity for removing pollutants down to sub-micron sizes from gas streams comprising a nozzle means accelerating the gas flow to about four times its entering velocity into a large expansion chamber having an impinger area for removal of pollutant. This is a method of removing pollutants down to sub-micron size at high efficiency by passing the polluted gas through a nozzle having specific geometry into an expansion chamber and impinging the pollutants upon an impinging area and removing them from the system.

Abstract: A process for the production of fertilizer comprising reacting sulfur oxide containing gas and water in a multiple state reactor to form sulfur containing acid, reacting the sulfur containing acid with a basic ion selected from the group consisting of calcium, ammonium and potassium ions, the calcium being derived from a salt selected from the group consisting of phosphatic and nitrogeneous salts, to form a fertilizer selected from the group consisting of phosphatic, nitrogeneous and potassium fertilizers and combinations thereof. This process is suitable for the utilization of sulfur oxides resulting from the combustion of high sulfur containing fossil fuels and sulfur producing chemical processes. The process of this invention enables the utilization of low concentration sulfur acid in the acidification of phosphate rock utilizing a multiple state reactor.

Abstract: Apparatus operating at low pressure drop and low initial velocity for removing pollutants down to sub-micron sizes from gas streams comprising a nozzle means accelerating the gas flow to about four times its entering velocity into a large expansion chamber having an impinger area for removal of pollutants. This is a method of removing pollutants down to sub-micron size at high efficiency by passing the polluted gas through a nozzle having specific geometry into an expansion chamber and impinging the pollutants upon an impinging area and removing them from the system.

Abstract: Apparatus operating at low pressure drop and low initial velocity for removing pollutants down to sub-micron sizes from gas streams comprising a nozzle of specified dimensions within a vertical casing and an impingement means below the nozzle outlet wherein the pollutant containing gas stream passes into the upper portion of a vertical casing and through the nozzle within the casing, the acceleration and deceleration of the gas stream causing particulates to agglomerate in passing through the nozzle, impinging the agglomerates upon the impingement means, removing the liquid and particulate matter from the lower portion of the casing and separately removing the clarified gas from the lower portion of the casing. An apparatus and method is disclosed wherein 2 to 6 nozzle-impingement means stages are connected in vertical series and wherein 2 to 6 nozzles are placed in each vertical stage and 2 to 4 of the mulitple nozzle-impingement means stages are connected in series.