Abstract: According to one or more embodiments, an antifouling material may include a body that includes a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface, wherein at least a portion of the first major surface is textured and includes a nanostructured surface, where the nanostructured surface includes an average surface feature size of less than 100 nm. According to one or more embodiments, the body may include a polymer and a toxin, where the toxin is covalently bonded to the polymer. According to one or more embodiments, the body may include an epoxy and capsaicin.