Abstract: A pad has a base portion, which lies on a foundation and on which a flange of a railway rail lies, and upstanding side portions extending upwardly from opposite sides of the base portion and formed with a recess in which lies a part of a rail clip. The pad may have sideways-extending portions for projecting on opposite sides of a clip-retaining member and it may also have projecting islands, possibly chevron-shaped, on one face or on both faces. The base portion may be one member made of soft material and this may be fixed to a separate member made of harder material which is formed with the side portions and the recess.

Abstract: An anchoring device (1) anchors a clip (60) to a foundation (50) for a railway rail (66). It has a head part (2) formed with a horizontal passageway (4) which is wider than it is high. In an upstanding wall section (5) there is a recess (6) and this receives a projection (52) on an electrically insulating bushing (51) which fits in the head part (2). The bushing has a passageway (53) through it and this receives two legs (61) and (62) of an e-shaped clip, the cross-section of the passageway having the shape of an athletics race track. The device (1) has a tail part (3) with projections (22 and 23) above which the tail part is of cruciform cross-section, with vanes (26 and 28).

Abstract: A railway rail-fastening clip, made by bending an initially straight rod, is approximately in the form of a letter e. The axies of all parts of the clip, except possibly the free end of the lower arm of the e, lie in a single plane. The rod may have a length less than 15 times the thickness of the rod. A retaining arrangement for the clip may have an opening in which lie the center arm and the upper arm of the e, the lower arm of the e pressing downwardly on the flange at the bottom of a railway rail. The opening may be in an electrically insulating bushing in a clip-retainer made of metal.

Abstract: A bushing of electrically insulating material has a passageway, of elongate cross-section, through it. The bushing is inserted in a clip-retaining member and the latter is supported in a mould into which a wet cement mix is poured so that a concrete railway sleeper is formed and the clip-retaining member is held in the concrete with the passageway above the concrete. A center arm and an upper arm of a substantially e-shaped clip are driven into the passageway and a lower arm of the clip bears downwardly on a flange of a railway rail.

Abstract: A railway spike consists of a bar folded to form first and second legs. Proceeding upwardly from the nose, formed by the two ends of the bar, firstly there is a first portion in which the legs are straight and parallel, then a second portion in which they diverge, then a third portion in which they converge, then a fourth portion in which they diverge again and finally a fifth portion which includes the uppermost part of the spike. When the first leg is on the left, no part of the fourth or fifth portion of the spike is further to the left than is the leftmost part of the first leg in the second and third portions. The spike may pass through a hole in a baseplate on which a rail stands, a resilient clip having a portion which bears downwardly on a flange at the bottom of the rail and having a further portion which presses upwardly on a flat surface at the bottom of the plate.