Abstract: A grade marker having a flag or feather made of a bundle of stiff, resilient strands, a wood peg, and at least one staple within which the feather is located. The feather is located within at least one staple. The staple is driven into the side of the peg or stake.

Abstract: A shovel having a bottom portion with a surface edge adjacent to a surface to be scraped, top portion, one side portion at an acute internal angle with the surface edge at one end of the shovel and one side edge at an oblique internal angle with the surface edge on the other side. The side portion is located against a curb to direct the path of the shovel as well as to prevent material wedging between the shovel and the curb. The top portion has a means for preventing material for rolling over its top. A handle is attached to the shovel at an acute internal angle so that the user walks directly behind the shovel so as to maximize the transfer of energy for the removal of material. The bottom, top and side portions may be removably connected to the shovel blade so that they can be rotated to expose new wearing surfaces. The shovel may be rotated approximately 90 degrees and the same gutter may be scraped; or, without rotating the shovel, the user may cross to gutter on the other side of the road and scrape it.

Abstract: A stake driver having a first rod that has at least one solid end for driving a stake. The other end may be pointed. A second larger diameter rod is slidably insertable over the first rod. One of the open ends of the second rod is located over a stake. Then the first rod is moved upward to allow the stake to be encircled by the open end of the second rod. The end of the second rod may be slotted to accomodate a rectangular stake or marker fastened to the top of the stake. With one hand grasping the second rod, the other hand lifts the first rod and then releases it so that the first rod can free fall and drive the stake into the soil. If additional force is required to drive the pointed end of the first rod into the soil, a third rod is slid onto the second rod and screwably connected to it.

Abstract: A collector for radiant heat energy is disclosed, containing a radiation-absorbing heat-conducting panel in thermal contact with a series of "riser" tubes, through which a working fluid flows, thereby carrying away the radiant heat incident on the panel and absorbed by the fluid. A pair of larger diameter "header" pipes are connected to opposite ends of the riser tubes, providing access for the working fluid to and from the risers, and conducting the fluid to the pump driving the fluid motion and to the thermal "load" or object desired to be heated. Each riser tube intersects and passes through the interior of each header pipe, and the short end of the riser tube emerging from the opposite side of the header pipe is sealed by means of a cap which may be removed to facilitate cleaning of the riser tubes. Fluid passes between the risers and headers through a series of "metering holes" which are drilled through the walls of the riser tubes and located in the interior of the header pipes.