Abstract: A feed product for animals foams and expands when blended with an activator. The feed product is a liquid or a paste. The foaming can be carried out using a variety of foaming agents. A disclosed foaming feed composition includes water, one or more food components, and a reactive combination that reacts to form a gas, wherein the reactive combination including a first reactive component and a second reactive component. Methods of forming and using the foaming feed compositions are also described.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a paste feed composition comprising a food component, a viscosifier, and water, wherein the viscosity of the composition is at least 10,000 centipoise between 20° C. and 50° C. In some embodiments the viscosity of the composition varies less than about 50% between 20° C. and 50° C. Also described herein are articles including the paste feed composition and methods of making the composition. Also disclosed herein is a method of establishing a pattern of returning behavior in a wild or semi-wild ruminant mammal of the family Cervidae using the paste feed composition.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are ruminant feed compositions that include between 0.3% and 1.5% citric acid based on the total weight of the composition. Also disclosed herein is a method of attracting wild or semi-tame Cervidae employing a ruminant feed composition or attractant composition including between 0.3 wt % and 1.5 wt % citric acid based on the total weight of the composition. Also disclosed are edible paste compositions, edible foam compositions, and edible paste foam compositions for ruminants including between 0.3 wt % and 1.5 wt % citric acid based on the total weight of the composition.