Abstract: A process for dye removal from effluent is disclosed which includes treating the effluent with a reducing agent, adjusting the pH to a selected value in the range of 2-7, treating the effluent with a particular charge neutralization mixture, adjusting the pH a second time and subjecting the mixture to a flocculating process with selected chemicals.

Abstract: A process for dye removal from effluent is disclosed which includes treating the effluent with a reducing agent, adjusting the pH to a selected value in the range of 2-7, treating the effluent with a particular charge neutralization mixture, adjusting the pH a second time and subjecting the mixture to a flocculating process with selected chemicals.

Abstract: Solid aluminum hydroxide compositions having improved solubility, stability and filterability are formed by adding at least a stoichiometric amount of a solid base to a concentrated solution of an aluminum salt (about 8.3% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 or higher) and stirring vigorously. The base used has an alkali metal, alkali earth metal, or other metallic cation, and does not contribute an anion other than hydroxide to the solution. Particularly suitable bases are carbonate and bicarbonate.

Abstract: Utilization of a cationic polymer as a settling aid in the recovery of the aluminum hydroxide and an anionic polymer to dewater the aluminum hydroxide prior to redissolution not only improves the process of making basic aluminum compounds by speeding settling and improving filterability, but also unexpectedly yields a product that has superior effectiveness as a water treatment chemical.According to the invention, a dilute solution of alum is neutralized with a base to a pH below about 6.0, preferably below 5.5, to form a suspension of aluminum hydroxide. A cationic polymer is then added to the suspension to assist in the settling of the aluminum hydroxide. When settling is substantially complete, the solution is decanted from the aluminum hydroxide and an anionic polymer is added to dewater the aluminum hydroxide. The dewatered material is collected as a filter cake containing amorphous aluminum hydroxide, the cationic polymer and the anionic polymer.

Abstract: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be effectively utilized as a floc conditioner during the formation of polyaluminum chloride. The polyvinyl alcohol can be effectively incorporated into the composition either before basification (pre-addition) or afterwards (post-addition). When added to concentrated aluminum containing solutions (8-9% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3), polyvinyl alcohol is preferably used at concentrations up to about 2500 ppm. Higher concentrations may exhibit overdose behavior with progressively decreasing effectiveness. The preferred dosage is about 1750 ppm of PVA for synthetic laboratory water.

Abstract: In an improved water-in-oil emulsion of the type which contains one or more finely divided water soluble vinyl addition polymers, one or more water soluble water-in-oil emulsifying agents, a hydrocarbon liquid and an aqueous phase, the improvement comprising an aqueous phase ranging from about 30% to about 50% by weight of the emulsion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for improved incorporation of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) into an acrylamide polymer. This invention makes use of a copolymerizable promoter monomer. Also provided by the present invention are inverse emulsion terpolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride. The improved incorporation resides in the use of a promoter monomer that is more reactive with acrylamide than is the DADMAC monomer and is selected from ##STR1## wherein R is --H or CH.sub.3 ;X is --O--, or --NH--;n has a value of 2-4; andA is an ion selected from the group consisting of Cl.sup. -, CH.sub.3 SO.sub.4.sup.-, HSO.sub.4.sup.- and NO.sub.3.sup.-.Specific monomers within this formula included, for example, 2-methacryloylethyltrimethylammonium chloride and 2-acryloylethyltrimethylammonium chloride.Typical of such promoter monomers are 2-methacryloylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and 2-acryloylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.

Abstract: A water system deposit control method and composition of high calcium tolerance are herein disclosed. The composition comprises a reaction product formed from acrylic acid, hydroxylated lower alkyl acrylate and hypophosphorous acid. In accordance with the method herein, an effective amount, from about 0.1-500 ppm of the composition is added to the water system, e.g., cooling water system, so as to inhibit the build-up or agglomeration of undesirable deposits along the metal surfaces on contact with the water.

Abstract: A method of controlling deposition of scale and the like in waters having a high calcium ion content is disclosed. The method is applicable to waters having a calcium ion concentration of about 300 ppm Ca.sup.+2 and comprises adding 1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1 diphosphonic acid or water soluble salt thereto. This particular compound is capable of performing the deposit control function in such high calcium waters without itself resulting in substantial deposit control agent-calcium adduct formation which would deleteriously affect the deposit control function.

Abstract: A polymer composition having a repeat unit characterized by the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 =an alkyl group having one to six carbon atoms; X=OH or OM, M=a cation; is disclosed. The composition is effective in inhibiting the precipitation of certain scale forming salts, and also acts to inhibit corrosion in water systems.

Abstract: A water soluble isopropenylphosphonic acid copolymer composition and method of use thereof are disclosed. The copolymer comprises repeat units (a) of the formula ##STR1## wherein X=OH or OM, wherein M is a cation; and repeat units (b) of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, hydroxylated alkoxy, and amide and water soluble salts thereof; R.sub.2 is H, or lower alkyl of from 1-3 carbon atoms. These copolymers are effective in inhibiting the precipitation of certain scale forming salts, and also act to inhibit corrosion in water systems.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to oligomeric phosphonic acid derivatives which possess excellent chlorine resistance and acceptable calcium tolerance and which, at substoichiometric amounts, inhibit the formation of scale in aqueous mediums. Additionally, the oligomers have been found to be quite active as dispersants for particulate matter contained in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to oligomeric phosphonic acid derivatives which possess excellent chlorine resistance and acceptable calcium tolerance and which, at substoichiometric amounts, inhibit the formation of scale in aqueous mediums. Additionally, the oligomers have been found to be quite active as dispersants for particulate matter contained in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for preparing organo-phosphorous compounds which are oligomeric ester condensates of alkyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid.

Abstract: The use as oil-in-water emulsion breakers of phosphonic acid ester condensate oligomers is disclosed which oligomers are ester condensates of alkyl-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonic acid having the formula: ##STR1## where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each represent a group having the formula C.sub.x H.sub.2x+1, where x is from 6 to 13; Y is ##STR2## M is a water soluble cation such as Na, K or NH.sub.4, and n is 1 or greater.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to oligomeric phosphonic acid derivatives which possess excellent chlorine resistance and acceptable calcium tolerance and which, at substoichiometric amounts, inhibit the formation of scale in aqueous mediums. Additionally, the oligomers have been found to be quite active as dispersants for particulate matter contained in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: Phosphonic acid ester condensate oligomers are disclosed which are oligomeric ester condensates of alkyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid having the formula: ##STR1## where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each represent a group having the formula C.sub.x H.sub.2x+1, where x is from 6 to 13; Y is ##STR2## or hydrogen; M is a water soluble cation such as Na, K or NH.sub.4, and n is 1 or greater. The use of these materials as reverse emulsion breakers is also disclosed, as is a method for their preparation.