Abstract: The embodiments herein relate to a method for deriving topography of an object surface. A linearly polarized light wave is directed towards the object surface and a reference surface. Images of reflected linearly polarized light wave for a plurality of wavelengths are obtained. The images are obtained for at least four polarizations for each of the plurality of wavelengths. The reflected linearly polarized light wave is a reflection of the linearly polarized light wave directed towards the object surface and the reference surface. The topography of the object surface based on the obtained images is obtained.

Abstract: The embodiments herein relate to a method for deriving topography of an object surface. A linearly polarized light wave is directed towards the object surface and a reference surface. Images of reflected linearly polarized light wave for a plurality of wavelengths are obtained. The images are obtained for at least four polarizations for each of the plurality of wavelengths. The reflected linearly polarized light wave is a reflection of the linearly polarized light wave directed towards the object surface and the reference surface. The topography of the object surface based on the obtained images is obtained.

Abstract: A method for quantitative measurement of surface accuracy of an area is provided. This comprises directing a monochromatic flat light wave towards a predefined surface area, recording an image of the reflected light with a camera and lens system focused on said surface area, and deducing surface accuracy parameters from the recorded image. The method is characterized in that said surface accuracy parameters are determined by obtaining a Fourier transform of the recorded image. Then, fitting predetermined Fourier components to a Fourier spectrum of said Fourier transform, wherein said Fourier components are determined along the major and across the minor elongation axes of the Fourier transform as at least a large Gaussian component, and a peak of the spectrum. Followed by, determining surface accuracy parameters of said surface area from said Fourier components.

Abstract: A method for quantitative measurement of surface accuracy of an area is provided. This comprises directing a monochromatic flat light wave towards a predefined surface area, recording an image of the reflected light with a camera and lens system focused on said surface area, and deducing surface accuracy parameters from the recorded image. The method is characterized in that said surface accuracy parameters are determined by obtaining a Fourier transform of the recorded image. Then, fitting predetermined Fourier components to a Fourier spectrum of said Fourier transform, wherein said Fourier components are determined along the major and across the minor elongation axes of the Fourier transform as at least a large Gaussian component, and a peak of the spectrum. Followed by, determining surface accuracy parameters of said surface area from said Fourier components.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for determining the thickness of material layers of a container-held substance comprising a first material disposed in an upper layer and a second material disposed in a lower layer, by transmitting a radio signal through the substance towards a container portion; receiving reflected signals from a surface of the upper layer, a surface of the second layer, and the container portion; varying the frequency of the transmitted signal to determine phase displacement between transmitted and reflected signals; determining optical distances to the surfaces and the container portion, dependent on the phase displacements; determining the thickness of one of said layers dependent on phase displacement through and index of refraction of that layer; and determining the thickness of the other layer dependent on the thickness of said one of said layers.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for analyzing a substance in a container, the method comprising the steps of: disposing antenna means (3) at a predetermined geometrical distance (L) from a container portion (13); transmitting a signal from said antenna means through a surface portion (12) of the substance towards said container portion; receiving a first reflected signal in said antenna means from said container portion; determining a geometrical distance (L1) from the surface portion to the container portion; varying the frequency of the transmitted signal to determine a first phase displacement between the transmitted signal and the first reflected signal; determining an optical distance from the surface portion to the container portion based on the first phase displacement; and determining the index of refraction (nt) of said substance based on the optical and geometrical from the surface portion to the container portion.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for analysing a substance in a container, the method comprising the steps of: disposing antenna means (3) at a predetermined geometrical distance (L) from a container portion (13); transmitting a signal from said antenna means through a surface portion (12) of the substance towards said container portion; receiving a first reflected signal in said antenna means from said container portion; determining a geometrical distance (L1) from the surface portion to the container portion; varying the frequency of the transmitted signal to determine a first phase displacement between the transmitted signal and the first reflected signal; determining an optical distance from the surface portion to the container portion based on the first phase displacement; and determining the index of refraction (nt) of said substance based on the optical and geometrical from the surface portion to the container portion.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for determining the thickness of material layers of a container-held (11) substance comprising a first material disposed in an upper layer (101) and a second material disposed in a lower layer (102), by transmitting a radio signal through the substance towards a container portion (13); receiving reflected signals from a surface (12) of the upper layer, a surface (14) of the second layer, and the container portion (13); varying the frequency of the transmitted signal to determine phase displacement between transmitted and reflected signals; determining optical distances to the surfaces and the container portion, dependent on the phase displacements; determining the thickness (L1) of one of said layers dependent on phase displacement through and index of refraction (n1) of that layer; and determining the thickness (L2) of the other layer dependent on the thickness of said one of said layers.

Abstract: A method, an antenna, and a system for determining positions for reflection points using microwaves. An electromagnetic wave signal is generated at a defined frequency, and transmitted by an antenna unit the antenna unit includes a transmitter antenna and a plurality of receiver antennas, separated by a known spacing perpendicular to a main line of sight and devised to receive reflected portions of the transmitted wave. Phase comparator means are connected to the transmitter antenna and the receiver antennas, and a control unit connected to the phase comparator means is operable to calculate an angle to a reflection point from detected phase difference between at least two receiver antennas and the spacing between said at least two receiver antennas, and to calculate a distance to the reflection point from detected phase difference between the transmitter antenna and a receiver antenna dependent on the frequency.

Abstract: The decrease in cardiac contractile force which occurs in angiography using contrast media may be reduced without increasing the incidence of ventricular fibrillations by oxygenating the contrast media.

Abstract: The physiological acceptability of contrast media, especially media for use in angiography, may be enhanced by inclusion of sub-plasma levels of sodium and calcium and, optionally, potassium and/or magnesium, for example 30 mM Na, 0.15 mM Ca, 0.9 mM K and 0.1 mM Mg.

Abstract: The physiological acceptability of contrast media, especially media for use in angiography, may be enhanced by inclusion of sub-plasma levels of sodium and calcium and, optionally, potassium and/or magnesium, for example 30 mM Na, 0.15 mM Ca, 0.9 mM K and 0.1 mM Mg.