Abstract: A sample with unknown concentrations of elements is placed in a first step into a spectrometer and the intensities I1, I2, . . . , In of the sample for the component elements are measured while the concentrations of the sample are determined, or—alternatively—a sample with known concentrations of the substances C1, C2, . . . , Cn is placed into the spectrometer and the intensities of the sample are determined. The fictive theoretical intensity values, the I100%-values, for the component elements are calculated in a second step with the aid of the determined concentrations and the measured intensities I1, I2, . . . , In, or with the aid of the determined intensities and the known concentrations C1, C2, . . . Cn. New I100%-values for the corresponding elements are calculated in a third step with the aid of standards with known concentrations, the intensities of which standards are measured.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for coating substrates by means of plasma enhanced vapor deposition are provided, in which at least part of the surroundings of the substrate surface of a substrate to be coated is evacuated and a process gas with a starting substance for the coating is admitted, wherein the coating is deposited by a plasma being ignited by radiating in electromagnetic energy in the surroundings of the substrate surface filled with the process gas. The electromagnetic energy is radiated in by a multiplicity of pulse sequences, preferably microwave or radiofrequency pulses, with a multiplicity of pulses spaced apart temporally by first intermissions, wherein the electromagnetic energy radiated in is turned off in the intermissions, and wherein the intermissions between the pulse sequences are at least a factor of 3, preferably at least a factor of 5, longer than the first intermissions between the pulses within a pulse sequence.

Abstract: A plasma lamp having a lamp bulb (1) which contains a material which is suitable for plasma formation with microwave excitation radiation, having a supply line (9) for supplying the microwave excitation radiation to the lamp bulb (1) and having a reflector (11), which at least partially surrounds the lamp bulb (1), for directing the light which is emitted from the plasma in the lamp bulb (1), wherein the lamp bulb (1) is arranged within a microwave resonator (5) such that a high microwave field strength is achieved in the area of the lamp bulb (1), and wherein the microwave resonator (5) has metallic walls (6, 4, 7), at least one wall section (7) of which is designed to be light-transmissive with an electrically conductive shielding structure, allows a compact design and an improved light yield in that the reflector (11) is arranged within the microwave resonator (5), and in that the microwave resonator (5), together with the reflector (11), is matched to optimum energy introduction into the lamp bulb (1).

Abstract: The typical micro-transducer dedicated for mobile phones and headphones produces at high output in small back enclosure significant distortion in the acoustical output. These typical micro-transducers are designed for very high sensitivity and their mechanical suspension compliances are designed for worst case scenario, free air environment or a very large back enclosure (were the air stiffness from the back enclosure is much lower than the mechanical transducer suspension stiffness). This leads to poor low frequency response, high distortion, non-linear SPL characteristic and unnecessary high system resonance fre-quency when the transducer is placed in a small back enclosure.

Abstract: The invention is based on the object of reducing the heating of substrates during plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. For this purpose, a method and an apparatus for coating substrates by means of plasma enhanced vapor deposition are provided, in which at least part of the surroundings of the substrate surface of a substrate to be coated is evacuated and a process gas with a starting substance for the coating is admitted, wherein the coating is deposited by a plasma being ignited by radiating in electromagnetic energy in the surroundings of the substrate surface filled with the process gas.