Abstract: The present invention is based, at least in part, upon discovery of a number of miRNAs having expression that significantly correlates with bladder cancer, including certain stages or types of bladder cancer, as well as with bladder cancer survival and/or responsiveness to bladder cancer therapies. Accordingly, the present invention features the identification and use of miRNAs to detect, diagnose and/or predict the course, progression or therapy responsiveness of bladder cancer. Kits for performing such assessments, and for administering therapeutic agents to subjects diagnosed with bladder cancer or certain forms of bladder cancer using the methods of the invention, are also featured.