Abstract: A sensor arrangement includes a temperature sensor element, a connection device electrically connecting the sensor arrangement to an external device, a plurality of electrical lines electrically connecting the temperature sensor element to the connection device, a carrier holding the temperature sensor element and the electrical lines, and an encasing enclosing the temperature sensor element. The carrier has a measuring portion. The electrical lines are arranged directly on the carrier or on a separate line carrier arranged on the carrier. The electrical lines have a cross-sectional area equal to or less than 0.08 mm2.

Abstract: A sensor arrangement includes a temperature sensor element, a connection device electrically connecting the sensor arrangement to an external device, a plurality of electrical lines electrically connecting the temperature sensor element to the connection device, a carrier holding the temperature sensor element and the electrical lines, and an encasing enclosing the temperature sensor element. The carrier has a measuring portion. The electrical lines are arranged directly on the carrier or on a separate line carrier arranged on the carrier. The electrical lines have a cross-sectional area equal to or less than 0.08 mm2.

Abstract: A method for charge pressure control of an internal combustion engine that is an integral part of a drive train, wherein the drive train comprises at least the internal combustion engine, an intake line, an exhaust gas line, and an exhaust gas turbocharger. The internal combustion engine has at least one intake valve that fluidically connects the intake line to a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and at least one exhaust valve that fluidically connects the combustion chamber to a first section of the exhaust gas line. The exhaust gas line has a first section between the combustion chamber and the exhaust gas turbocharger, and a second section downstream from the exhaust gas turbocharger. The exhaust gas turbocharger and/or a bypass that bypasses the exhaust gas turbocharger are/is adjustable. In the method, an opening point in time of the at least one intake valve and a closing point in time of the at least one exhaust valve are taken into account.

Abstract: A method for determining the quantity of filling components in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The cylinder is connected to an air supply via an inlet valve and to an exhaust gas conduit via an outlet valve. The method includes the steps of obtaining an exhaust gas back pressure at a specified point in time when the outlet valve is opened during a work cycle of the internal combustion engine and calculating the quantity of the filling components at the specified point in time on the basis of the obtained exhaust gas back pressure. A controller is also provided for carrying out the method and a motor vehicle is also provided that includes the controller.

Abstract: A method for charge pressure control of an internal combustion engine that is an integral part of a drive train, wherein the drive train comprises at least the internal combustion engine, an intake line, an exhaust gas line, and an exhaust gas turbocharger. The internal combustion engine has at least one intake valve that fluidically connects the intake line to a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and at least one exhaust valve that fluidically connects the combustion chamber to a first section of the exhaust gas line. The exhaust gas line has a first section between the combustion chamber and the exhaust gas turbocharger, and a second section downstream from the exhaust gas turbocharger. The exhaust gas turbocharger and/or a bypass that bypasses the exhaust gas turbocharger are/is adjustable. In the method, an opening point in time of the at least one intake valve and a closing point in time of the at least one exhaust valve are taken into account.

Abstract: A method of calculating a residual gas mass in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, wherein the cylinder has at least one intake valve and one exhaust valve, comprising: obtaining a cylinder residual gas mass base value that is based on a predefined model; determining a first cylinder residual gas mass value that indicates a cylinder residual gas mass remaining in the cylinder clearance volume after an expulsion of exhaust gas; determining a second cylinder residual gas mass value that indicates a cylinder residual gas mass flowing into the cylinder due to a valve overlap of the intake valve and the exhaust valve, wherein the second cylinder residual gas mass value is determined based on the cylinder residual gas mass base value and the first cylinder residual gas mass value; and calculating the residual gas mass in the cylinder, based on the first and second cylinder residual gas mass values.

Abstract: A method for determining a quantity of air within a cylinder of an internal combustion engine includes the steps of scaling an intake manifold pressure and an exhaust gas pressure in dependence on an actual ambient air pressure and a standard ambient air pressure in order to provide a scaled intake manifold pressure and a scaled exhaust gas pressure, implementing an air charge calculating algorithm produced under a standard ambient air pressure operating condition, in order to determine a standard quantity of air based on the scaled intake manifold pressure and the scaled exhaust gas pressure, and scaling the standard quantity of air in dependence on the actual ambient air pressure and the standard ambient air pressure in order to calculate the quantity of air within the cylinder of the internal combustion engine. An engine control unit and a method for controlling an internal combustion engine are also provided.

Abstract: A method for determining an air volume in a combustion chamber of a fuel-injection internal combustion engine, especially during a load change condition, including synchronizing a throttle valve setpoint signal to an operating state criterion (tn); determining a curve dynamics of the throttle valve position taking into account the synchronized throttle valve setpoint signal; determining an actual air volume quantity at an ACTUAL time point (t0); determining a desired time point (t0+?t); predicting a further air volume quantity for the desired time point (t0+?t) and determining a total air volume quantity from the ACTUAL air volume quantity and the further air volume quantity for the desired time point (t0+?t).

Abstract: The invention concerns a window including a window pane with one or more glass panes, a window frame in which the window pane is provided, at least one temperature sensor arranged in or at the periphery of the window pane, and an electric circuit connected to the temperature sensor mounted on or in the window frame. The electric circuit is configured to be connected to an operation unit which is configured to regulate the incident light through the window pane. The invention furthermore concerns a method for controlling a window wherein the electric circuit controls the means configured to regulate the incident light through the window pane based on a set of parameters. The parameters are determined on the basis of the orientation and geographical position of the window whereby the supply of free energy is optimized and the amount of energy supplied from energy sources in the room is reduced.

Abstract: A method of calculating a residual gas mass in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, wherein the cylinder has at least one intake valve and one exhaust valve, comprising: obtaining a cylinder residual gas mass base value that is based on a predefined model; determining a first cylinder residual gas mass value that indicates a cylinder residual gas mass remaining in the cylinder clearance volume after an expulsion of exhaust gas; determining a second cylinder residual gas mass value that indicates a cylinder residual gas mass flowing into the cylinder due to a valve overlap of the intake valve and the exhaust valve, wherein the second cylinder residual gas mass value is determined based on the cylinder residual gas mass base value and the first cylinder residual gas mass value; and calculating the residual gas mass in the cylinder, based on the first and second cylinder residual gas mass values.

Abstract: A method for determining the quantity of filling components in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The cylinder is connected to an air supply via an inlet valve and to an exhaust gas conduit via an outlet valve. The method includes the steps of obtaining an exhaust gas back pressure at a specified point in time when the outlet valve is opened during a work cycle of the internal combustion engine and calculating the quantity of the filling components at the specified point in time on the basis of the obtained exhaust gas back pressure. A controller is also provided for carrying out the method and a motor vehicle is also provided that includes the controller.

Abstract: A control unit for controlling a phase angle of a first camshaft of an internal combustion engine includes a first characteristic diagram signal generator for determining a dynamic setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft, a second characteristic diagram signal generator for determining a static setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft, and a first interpolator for determining a corrected setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft based on the dynamic setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft and on the static setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft. A motor vehicle including a control unit for controlling a phase angle of a first camshaft of an internal combustion engine and a method for controlling a phase angle of a first camshaft of an internal combustion engine are also provided.

Abstract: A method for determining an air volume in a combustion chamber of a fuel-injection internal combustion engine, especially during a load change condition, including synchronizing a throttle valve setpoint signal to an operating state criterion (tn); determining a curve dynamics of the throttle valve position taking into account the synchronized throttle valve setpoint signal; determining an actual air volume quantity at an ACTUAL time point (t0); determining a desired time point (t0+?t); predicting a further air volume quantity for the desired time point (t0+?t) and determining a total air volume quantity from the ACTUAL air volume quantity and the further air volume quantity for the desired time point (t0+?t).

Abstract: A force sensor device for determination of a measurement value of a force and generation of an electrical signal based on the measurement value includes a force ring with a force application surface and a support surface for support of a circuit board, on which passive and active electronic components are arranged. The circuit board is mechanically or adhesively fixated on the support surface. At least one force transducer is electrically connected with the circuit board, and arranged and configured at the force ring in such a way that deformations of the force ring, as a result of an axial force applied on the force ring, are measured. A housing lid is connected with the force ring, so that the force ring and the housing lid enclose the circuit board and the force transducer. Also provided is an external connection for picking up an electrical signal.

Abstract: A method for determining a quantity of air within a cylinder of an internal combustion engine includes the steps of scaling an intake manifold pressure and an exhaust gas pressure in dependence on an actual ambient air pressure and a standard ambient air pressure in order to provide a scaled intake manifold pressure and a scaled exhaust gas pressure, implementing an air charge calculating algorithm produced under a standard ambient air pressure operating condition, in order to determine a standard quantity of air based on the scaled intake manifold pressure and the scaled exhaust gas pressure, and scaling the standard quantity of air in dependence on the actual ambient air pressure and the standard ambient air pressure in order to calculate the quantity of air within the cylinder of the internal combustion engine. An engine control unit and a method for controlling an internal combustion engine are also provided.

Abstract: The invention pertains to compositions for preserving biological material or active molecules, particularly microorganisms, and their uses.

Abstract: A force sensor device for determination of a measurement value of a force and generation of an electrical signal based on the measurement value includes a force ring with a force application surface and a support surface for support of a circuit board, on which passive and active electronic components are arranged. The circuit board is mechanically or adhesively fixated on the support surface. At least one force transducer is electrically connected with the circuit board, and arranged and configured at the force ring in such a way that deformations of the force ring, as a result of an axial force applied on the force ring, are measured. A housing lid is connected with the force ring, so that the force ring and the housing lid enclose the circuit board and the force transducer. Also provided is an external connection for picking up an electrical signal.

Abstract: A control unit for controlling a phase angle of a first camshaft of an internal combustion engine includes a first characteristic diagram signal generator for determining a dynamic setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft, a second characteristic diagram signal generator for determining a static setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft, and a first interpolator for determining a corrected setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft based on the dynamic setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft and on the static setpoint phase angle of the first camshaft. A motor vehicle including a control unit for controlling a phase angle of a first camshaft of an internal combustion engine and a method for controlling a phase angle of a first camshaft of an internal combustion engine are also provided.

Abstract: A sustained release delivery system and composition of materials for slowly releasing an additive to a fermentation fluid over a sustained period of time of up to 96 hours is described. The product of the present invention includes a complement of additives and a sustained release mechanism to allow a single addition of components that yield release profiles consistent with multiple additions in juice, fermented beverages, other foodstuffs, and biofuels production.

Abstract: The invention concerns a window including a window pane with one or more glass panes, a window frame in which the window pane is provided, at least one temperature sensor arranged in or at the periphery of the window pane, and an electric circuit connected to the temperature sensor mounted on or in the window frame. The electric circuit is configured to be connected to an operation unit which is configured to regulate the incident light through the window pane. The invention furthermore concerns a method for controlling a window wherein the electric circuit controls the means configured to regulate the incident light through the window pane based on a set of parameters. The parameters are determined on the basis of the orientation and geographical position of the window whereby the supply of free energy is optimised and the amount of energy supplied from energy sources in the room is reduced.