Abstract: A process for solution mining of minerals is disclosed. The process comprises injecting an unsaturated stream (150) at an injection pressure into a mineral formation (130) to dissolve the mineral and extracting a high concentration stream (110) containing said dissolved mineral. The process comprising converting latent osmotic energy present in said high concentration stream into an increase in the total pressure of said stream by passage through an osmotic power unit (200) and generating electricity and reducing to the injection pressure the total pressure of a reduced concentration output stream (150) by passage through a power generating device (250) and using the reduced concentration output stream (150) at the injection pressure as the unsaturated stream (150). A process for storing a fuel in an underground formation is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for large scale and energy efficient production of oxygenates from sugar is disclosed in which a sugar feedstock is introduced into a thermolytic fragmentation reactor including a fluidized stream of heat carrying particles which are separated from the reaction product and directed to a reheater comprising a resistance heating system.

Abstract: A pressure retarded osmosis system (1) includes a membrane unit (2) having a high-pressure inlet connection (3) and a high-pressure outlet connection (4) on one side of a membrane arrangement (5) and a low-pressure inlet connection (6) and a low-pressure outlet connection (7) on the other side of the membrane arrangement (5). Such a pressure retarded osmosis system should be operated at a pressure higher than 140 bar.

Abstract: An osmosis module for pressure retarded osmosis comprising a pressure vessel having a first draw port and a second draw port. The first draw port is provided in a first end-face of the pressure vessel and is in fluid communication with a central structure. A plurality of hollow fibre semipermeable membranes are received within a fibre region of the osmosis module, and are provided around the central structure. In a first lengthwise region of the osmosis module, the draw stream flow between the first draw port and the fibre region via the central structure. In a second lengthwise region of the osmosis module, the flow path which the draw stream flows between the draw ports, is confined to the fibre region and extends substantially parallel to the central structure. The second region extends along a majority of the length of the fibre region.

Abstract: An osmotic process comprising for a first period, passing a draw stream and a feed stream through an osmotic unit having a semi-permeable membrane, permitting the passage of water but not salts. The feed stream is an aqueous stream with a lower salinity than the draw stream. The feed stream has a scalant with a concentration above saturation in a region on a feed side of the semi-permeable membrane. The draw stream passes over a draw side of the membrane and the feed stream passes over the feed side so water passes across the membrane from the feed stream to the draw stream. For a second time period, the flow rate of the draw stream is lower than the flow rate in the first time period, and the feed stream passes over the feed side such that the concentration of the scalant in said region is reduced.

Abstract: An osmotic process is disclosed. The process comprises passing a draw stream (12) and a feed stream (2), the feed stream (2) being an aqueous stream of lower salinity than said draw stream (12), through an osmotic unit (8) in which water but not salts pass from the feed stream (2) to the draw stream (12). The process further comprises passing the feed stream through an ion exchange unit (4a, 4b) in which an ion exchange process is used to treat the feed stream (2) before the feed stream (2) passes through the osmotic unit (8) and using the draw stream (12) in said ion exchange process before or after the draw stream (12) passes through the osmotic unit (8). A power generation process and an electricity generation process based on the osmotic process is also described, along with a system for carrying out the osmotic process.

Abstract: A brine saturation process is disclosed. The process comprises increasing the salinity of an unsaturated saline stream (15) by passage through a brine saturator (5) in which salt is dissolved into the unsaturated saline stream (15) to produce a high salinity stream (11); and then converting latent osmotic energy present in said high salinity stream (11) into power by passage through an osmotic power unit (20). The process further comprises using an output stream derived from the high salinity stream (11) following passage through the osmotic power unit (12) as the unsaturated saline stream (15).

Abstract: A process for solution mining of minerals is disclosed. The process comprises injecting an unsaturated stream (150) at an injection pressure into a mineral formation (130) to dissolve the mineral and extracting a high concentration stream (110) containing said dissolved mineral. The process comprising converting latent osmotic energy present in said high concentration stream into an increase in the total pressure of said stream by passage through an osmotic power unit (200) and generating electricity and reducing to the injection pressure the total pressure of a reduced concentration output stream (150) by passage through a power generating device (250) and using the reduced concentration output stream (150) at the injection pressure as the unsaturated stream (150). A process for storing a fuel in an underground formation is also disclosed.

Abstract: A power generation process is disclosed, the process comprises dissolving a solute (10) into an unsaturated stream (140) to produce a high concentration stream (130) and converting latent mixing energy present in a high concentration input stream (130) into power by passage through a power unit (20) in which the concentration of the high concentration input stream (130) is reduced. The process comprises using a reduced concentration output stream (140) derived from the high concentration input stream (130) following passage through the power unit (20) as the unsaturated stream (140). A first fraction of the high concentration stream (130) is passed to the power unit (20) for use as the high concentration input stream (130) and a second fraction of the high concentration stream (130) is output from the process.

Abstract: A process for large scale and energy efficient production of oxygenates from sugar is disclosed in which a sugar feedstock is introduced into a thermolytic fragmentation reactor including a fluidized stream of heat carrying particles which are separated from the reaction product and directed to a reheater comprising a resistance heating system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a support for a filtration membrane configuration formed with a first set of projections and a second set of projections in opposite directions. At least some of the first projections may be shaped with top areas forming contact face towards a filtration membrane configuration. The support for a filtration membrane may be formed with a first set of projections and a second set of projections in opposite directions, where at least some of the first projections are connected to a porous sheet forming support for said filtration membrane. The filtration membrane may be positioned directly on the porous sheet, or other in a sandwiched construction including other elements.

Abstract: A process for large scale and energy efficient production of oxygenates from sugar is disclosed in which a sugar feedstock is introduced into a thermolytic fragmentation reactor comprising a fluidized stream of heat carrying particles which are separated from the reaction product and directed to a reheater comprising a resistance heating system.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a methanol product comprising the steps of a) providing a first process stream consisting essentially of carbon dioxide; b) providing a second process stream consisting of hydrogen by electrolyzing water in an electrolysis unit; c) mixing the first and second process in amount to obtain a methanol synthesis gas with a mole ratio of H2 and CO2 of between 2.5 and 3.5; d) catalytic converting the methanol synthesis gas into raw methanol in at least one methanol reactor; e) purifying the raw methanol in a distillation unit; and recovering waste heat generated in the electrolysis unit in step (b) by transferring the waste heat to a circulating heat transfer medium by indirect heat exchange with the waste heat and by indirect heat exchange of the heated heat transfer medium with steam used for the distillation of the raw methanol, wherein the heated transfer medium is compressed upstream the indirect heat exchange with steam.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a methanol product comprising the steps of a) providing a first process stream consisting essentially of carbon dioxide; b) providing a second process stream consisting of hydrogen by electrolyzing water in an electrolysis unit; c) mixing the first and second process in amount to obtain a methanol synthesis gas with a mole ratio of H2 and CO2 of between 2.5 and 3.5; d) catalytic converting the methanol synthesis gas into raw methanol in at least one methanol reactor; e) purifying the raw methanol in a distillation unit; and recovering waste heat generated in the electrolysis unit in step (b) by transferring the waste heat to a circulating heat transfer medium by indirect heat exchange with the waste heat and by indirect heat exchange of the heated heat transfer medium with steam used for the distillation of the raw methanol, wherein the heated transfer medium is compressed upstream the indirect heat exchange with steam.

Abstract: A process for large scale and energy efficient production of oxygenates from sugar is disclosed in which a sugar feedstock is introduced into a thermolytic fragmentation reactor comprising a fluidized stream of heat carrying particles which are separated from the reaction product and directed to a reheater comprising a resistance heating system.

Abstract: Ceramic candle filter and use of the filter in the removal of particulate matter in form of soot, ash, metals and metal compounds, together with hydrocarbons and optionally nitrogen oxides being present in process off-gas or engine exhaust gas, wherein a noble metal comprising catalyst is arranged on the permeation side of the filter and/or on the dispersion side of the filter and/or within wall of the filter, said noble metal comprising catalyst contains a noble metal in an amount of between 20 and 1000 ppm/weight of the filter.

Abstract: Ceramic candle filter and use of the filter in the removal of particulate matter in form of soot, ash, metals and metal compounds, together with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides being present in process off-gas or engine exhaust gas, the filter comprises a combined SCR and oxidation catalyst arranged at least on the dispersion side and/or within wall of the filter, the combined SCR and oxidation catalyst comprises palladium, a vanadium oxide and titania.

Abstract: Ceramic candle filter and use of the filter in the removal of particulate matter in form of soot, ash, metals and met-al compounds, together with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides being present in process off-gas or engine exhaust gas, the filter includes a combined SCR and oxidation catalyst being arranged on the dispersion side and within wall of the filter; and a palladium including catalyst arranged on the permeation side and within wall of the filter facing the permeation side.

Abstract: Ceramic candle filter and use of the filter in the removal of particulate matter in form of soot, ash, metals and metal compounds, together with hydrocarbons and optionally nitrogen oxides being present in process off-gas or engine exhaust gas, wherein a noble metal comprising catalyst is arranged on the permeation side of the filter and/or on the dispersion side of the filter and/or within wall of the filter, said noble metal comprising catalyst contains a noble metal in an amount of between 20 and 1000 ppm/weight of the filter.

Abstract: Ceramic candle filter and use of the filter in the removal of particulate matter in form of soot, ash, metals and met-al compounds, together with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides being present in process off-gas or engine exhaust gas, the filter includes a combined SCR and oxidation catalyst being arranged on the dispersion side and within wall of the filter; and a palladium including catalyst arranged on the permeation side and within wall of the filter facing the permeation side.