Abstract: A positioning, navigation and timing solutions for a ground-based device is determined by receiving a satellite RF signal at the ground-based device. It is determined whether the RF signal is from a satellite of interest. A satellite of interest has known data, enabling an estimation of a current location of the satellite. The RF signal frequency of the satellite of interest is used to collect observed Doppler measurements and time of receipt of the RF signal. The position, navigation and timing solution is determined as a function of the observed Doppler measurements, known data regarding the characteristics of the satellite, and predicted Doppler measurements to enable an estimation of the current location of the receiver.

Abstract: A land electrode for a high voltage direct current transmission system including a converter station with a grounding point. The land electrode is connected to the grounding point and includes a plurality of electrode sections. A line electrode includes a part interconnecting two electrode sections. The part of the line electrode exhibits a line resistance. Each electrode section includes at least one electrode element.

Abstract: A land electrode for a high voltage direct current transmission system including a converter station with a grounding point. The land electrode is connected to the grounding point and includes a plurality of electrode sections. Each electrode section includes at least one electrode element.

Abstract: A plant for transmitting electric power between at least two alternating voltage networks which are each connected through a station to a direct voltage network for high voltage direct current. The stations transmit power between the direct voltage network and the respective alternating voltage networks. At least one VSC converter is in each station to convert direct voltage to alternating voltage and the converse. A cable with an insulating layer of polymer base surrounding a conductor forms the direct voltage network connecting the stations.