Abstract: A system, method, and computer-readable medium are disclosed for identifying paraphrases in a natural language processing (NLP) system comprising: receiving a first phrase and a second phrase by a system; analyzing the first phrase and the second phrase to provide a semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment, the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment having an associated semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value; and determining whether the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value exceeds a predetermined paraphrase equivalency criteria; and, responsive to determining the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value exceeds the predetermined paraphrase equivalency criteria, classifying the second phrase as being a rewording of the first phrase.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for identifying paraphrases in a natural language processing (NLP) system comprising: receiving a first phrase and a second phrase by a system; analyzing the first phrase and the second phrase to provide a semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment, the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment having an associated semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value; and determining whether the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value exceeds a predetermined paraphrase equivalency criteria; and, responsive to determining the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value exceeds the predetermined paraphrase equivalency criteria, classifying the second phrase as being a rewording of the first phrase.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer-readable medium are disclosed for identifying paraphrases in a natural language processing (NLP) system comprising: receiving a first phrase and a second phrase by a system; analyzing the first phrase and the second phrase to provide a semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment, the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment having an associated semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value; and determining whether the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value exceeds a predetermined paraphrase equivalency criteria; and, responsive to determining the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value exceeds the predetermined paraphrase equivalency criteria, classifying the second phrase as being a rewording of the first phrase.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for identifying paraphrases in a natural language processing (NLP) system comprising: receiving a first phrase and a second phrase by a system; analyzing the first phrase and the second phrase to provide a semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment, the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment having an associated semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value; and determining whether the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value exceeds a predetermined paraphrase equivalency criteria; and, responsive to determining the semantic and structural hierarchical comparison assessment value exceeds the predetermined paraphrase equivalency criteria, classifying the second phrase as being a rewording of the first phrase.

Abstract: A system includes a question answering system executed by a computer, a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory is encoded with instructions that when executed cause the processor to provide training for training the question answering system. The training system is configured to receive a first phrase and a second phrase, the first and second phrases being paraphrases of each other, convert the first phrase into a first logical form and the second phrase into a second logical form, generate a phrasal edit that includes a difference between the first logical form and the second logical form, convert the phrasal edit into a disjunctive logical form in two directions, and generate a first plurality of paraphrases of the first and second phrases based on the disjunctive logical form.

Abstract: A system includes a question answering system executed by a computer, a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory is encoded with instructions that when executed cause the processor to provide training for training the question answering system. The training system is configured to receive a plurality of bidirectional disjunctive logical forms which include two directional disjunctions of differences between a first logical form of a first sentence and second logical form of a second sentence, realize the plurality of bidirectional disjunctive logical forms to generate a first plurality of paraphrases of the first and second sentence, score each of the first plurality of paraphrases based on textual similarity between the first plurality of paraphrases and the first and second sentences, and prune the first plurality of paraphrases to generate a second plurality of paraphrases based on the scores of each of the first plurality of paraphrases.

Abstract: A system includes a question answering system executed by a computer, a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory is encoded with instructions that when executed cause the processor to provide training for training the question answering system. The training system is configured to receive a first phrase and a second phrase, the first and second phrases being paraphrases of each other, convert the first phrase into a first logical form and the second phrase into a second logical form, generate a phrasal edit that includes a difference between the first logical form and the second logical form, convert the phrasal edit into a disjunctive logical form in two directions, and generate a first plurality of paraphrases of the first and second phrases based on the disjunctive logical form.

Abstract: A system includes a question answering system executed by a computer, a processor, and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory is encoded with instructions that when executed cause the processor to provide training for training the question answering system. The training system is configured to receive a plurality of bidirectional disjunctive logical forms which include two directional disjunctions of differences between a first logical form of a first sentence and second logical form of a second sentence, realize the plurality of bidirectional disjunctive logical forms to generate a first plurality of paraphrases of the first and second sentence, score each of the first plurality of paraphrases based on textual similarity between the first plurality of paraphrases and the first and second sentences, and prune the first plurality of paraphrases to generate a second plurality of paraphrases based on the scores of each of the first plurality of paraphrases.