Abstract: A copper electroplating process is described in which the anode is surrounded by a cation-permeable membrane so as to prevent decomposition of additives in the electrochemical bath. Such a feature adds to bath lifetime and permits better control of bath chemistry and plating quality during the electroplating process. The feature is especially advantageous for copper electroplating processes using nonconsumable electrodes because of the high consumption of additives and that the copper can be added to the cathode side of the membrane so that acid copper ions need not pass through the membrane.

Abstract: A process is described for the electrodepositon of copper on various surfaces. The process involves use of a nonconsumable counterelectrode. Of particular significance is the composition of the surface of the counterelectrode. The surface of the counterelectrode comprises iridium oxide and tantalum oxide. Such processes can be carried out at high speeds, with smaller and more efficient equipment and can use various copper compounds as a source of copper.

Abstract: A synthesis of gold (I) cyanide is described which exhibits high yields and does not yield toxic gases (e.g., HCN). Gold (I) cyanide is important as a source of gold for gold plating baths. A synthesis of AuCN that does not involve evolution of toxic gases (e.g., HCN) is highly advantageous because no disposal problem is involved and the procedure is simpler and more straightforward.

Abstract: To regulate the DC input voltage to a deflection circuit, a saturable reactor winding is series coupled with an unregulated DC voltage, a diode, a flyback transformer winding and an input terminal of the deflection circuit. During retrace, the diode is forward biased and conducts input current to the input terminal. During trace, the opposite polarity trace voltage commutates off the diode and decouples the input terminal from the unregulated DC voltage at a varied instant within trace in accordance with the impedance of the saturable reactor winding. The average DC voltage across the diode fluctuates with diode conduction angle variations and maintains a regulated input voltage at the input terminal despite fluctuations in the unregulated DC voltage.