Abstract: Disclosed herein is a absorbed glass matt (AGM) valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, comprising: a positive plate comprising a positive active material; a negative plate comprising a negative active material; wherein the negative active material comprises a composition comprising a carbon additive; an AGM separator; and an electrolyte; wherein the positive plate, the negative plate, the separator, and the electrolyte are disposed in a container comprising a valve; and wherein the electrolyte is present in an amount that ranges from 100 to 150% by volume based on the total pore volume of the separator.

Abstract: A method of rating a battery includes providing a plurality of numerical values by removing units from standardized ratings or tests for the battery; assigning a pre-calculated unit scaling factor to each numerical value of the plurality of numerical values; and calculating a total rating by multiplying each pre-calculated unit scaling factor by each corresponding numerical value of the plurality of numerical values to obtain a normalized value for each numerical value of the plurality of numerical values, and adding each normalized value.