Abstract: The invention provides a method of using an apparatus for manipulating matter in a confined or inaccessible space, comprising providing an apparatus having manipulator means at least partly constructed of one or more bent or twisted elongate shape memory alloy members having pseudoelasticity at the intended manipulation temperature, and a hollow housing or cannula capable of holding at least the shape memory alloy member(s) in a relatively straightened state, and actuating means for extending the shape memory alloy member(s) from the housing to manipulate matter within the space and for withdrawing the shape memory alloy member(s) into the housing, the arrangement being such that the shape-memory alloy member(s) bend(s) or twist(s) pseudoelastically in a lateral or helical sense to manipulate the matter on extending from the housing at the manipulation temperature, and become(s) relatively straightened on withdrawal into the housing at the temperature.

Abstract: An encoding element which is backward compatible and will provide a single coded value to older analyzers in response to first signal, but will also provide a second coded value to a new analyzer or monitor. In one embodiment, both coded values are provided over the same first and second leads which are compatible with existing sensors. In another embodiment, a first voltage level produces a first current from the encoding element, while a second voltage level will produce the second coded value. In another embodiment, a first coded value is provided in response to a DC current from older analyzers. A second coded value is provided in response to a AC signal from newer analyzers. Yet another embodiment provides the coded value in the form of a resonant circuit in the AC driven mode. In another embodiment, the first coded value is provided over the same two leads after a period of time, with the second value being provided prior to that period of time passing.

Abstract: A conformable sensor which uses a flexible substrate, preferably a polyester strip is disclosed. The emitter and detector are mounted on one portion of the strip with conductive traces connecting to them. The second portion of the strip is folded over to cover the emitter and detector and traces, with openings for the emitter and detector. A conductive coating is applied to the strip to provide shielding from electromagnetic interference. Preferably, a second portion of the strip, which folds over the first portion, also has a Faraday shield covering the opening over the detector. The detector and emitter semiconductor chip die (rather than use encapsulated chips) may be mounted directly on the polyester strip so that it is in contact with one of the conductive traces.

Abstract: A conformable sensor which uses a flexible substrate, preferably a polyester strip is disclosed. The emitter and detector are mounted on one portion of the strip with conductive traces connecting to them. The second portion of the strip is folded over to cover the emitter and detector and traces, with openings for the emitter and detector. A conductive coating is applied to the strip to provide shielding from electromagnetic interference. Preferably, a second portion of the strip, which folds over the first portion, also has a Faraday shield covering the opening over the detector. The detector and emitter semiconductor chip die (rather than use encapsulated chips) may be mounted directly on the polyester strip so that it is in contact with one of the conductive traces.