Abstract: A control method/system for controlling the operation of an electric motor (32, 42) actuated shifting mechanism (28) is provided, which includes a procedure for periodically relieving trapped frictional forces in the shifting mechanism and associated linkages (30, 38, 40). At initiation of a shifting operation (60), or periodically (66) during a shifting operation, the level of energization of the electric motor is reduced from the full target energization level thereof (68) to a minimal level (70) for a relatively short period of time (72) and then returned to the target energization level thereof. Preferably, the level of energization is returned in a 2-step process comprising stepping the level of energization to an intermediate level (76) and then ramping the level of energization from the intermediate value to the level of full target energization thereof in a ramped fashion.

Abstract: A control strategy for an electronically controlled X-Y shifting mechanism for a vehicle transmission which takes advantage of the extra supply voltage available on European vehicles while maintaining commonality with U.S. shifter systems. A variable voltage pulse width modulated duty cycle percentage is maintained at or below a 50% nominal value to make the 24V source appear as a 12V source, allowing commonality in X-Y shifting mechanism hardware and basic control algorithms for both 12V and 24V vehicle systems. However, this percentage is increased to greater than the nominal 50% limit when the available supply voltage drops below 24V, as well as between an initial movement of the shift finger and engagement of the finger with a shift block, in order to provide faster motor acceleration to obtain top speeds quicker and during low force but top speed movement conditions.

Abstract: For use with an automated mechanical transmission system including an electrically actuated shift mechanism having a motor, a method of controlling the shift mechanism is provided for shifting the transmission out of gear during a reduced torque shift window by quickly detecting motor motion. The shift mechanism is first energized with a low effective voltage signal to minimize power consumption and avoid overheating the motor, and then with a high effective voltage signal upon detection of motor motion, to quickly shift the transmission out of gear.

Abstract: Calibration of an X-Y shifter is accomplished under the control of a microcomputer which is programmed to perform a calibration routine each time the vehicle is shutdown. The routine causes the shifter's shift finger to be moved into touching contact with the various inner wall surfaces of the shift blocks of the respective transmission shift rails from which a calibrated shift rail and neutral position are calculated.

Abstract: The present invention involves processes for 1,2-dehydrogenation of .DELTA..sup.4 -3-keto C.sub.21 -hemiester steroids of formula (I) ##STR1## with Arthrobacter simplex or Bacterium cyclooxydans to produce the corresponding .DELTA..sup.1,4 -3-keto C.sub.21 hemiester of formula (II) ##STR2## or free alcohol thereof with improved yields. The advantage is that the processes utilize higher substrate concentrations and give shorter reaction times than previously were known.

Abstract: A process for converting 1,2-saturated 3-keto steroids to 1,2-dehydro steroids which are useful steroid intermediates. The process involves exposing the substrate to steroid-1-dehydrogenase activity in the presence of an added electron carrier and one or more added scavengers of a toxic oxygen species.

Abstract: Disclosed and claimed is an improved microbial bioconversion to produce 1,2-dehydro steroids from their corresponding 1,2-saturated derivatives.

Abstract: Disclosed and claimed is an improved microbial bioconversion to produce 1,2-dehydro steroids from their corresponding 1,2-saturated derivatives.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.-OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.-OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.-OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.-OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.-OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.-OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.-OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.-OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.-OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.-OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.-OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.-OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.-OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.-OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.-OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.--OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.--OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.---hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.--OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.