Abstract: The invention relates to machining a workpiece. In the inventive a pair of a workpiece and a tool materials are selected, and the workpiece material machined with the tool. At the same time with the machining there is the step of providing an external, charged gaseous medium to a working zone, workpiece and tool contacts. The formed charged polarity of the gaseous medium depends on the pair of the selected workpiece and the tool materials to harmonize their generated internal thermal energy and electric charge, enthalpy levels and electrochemical reactions in the working zone, workpiece and tool during the machining.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus (102) for hazardous environments, comprising at least one substantially point-like source of light (4), and a housing structure for said at least one substantially point-like source of light, defining at least a triple barrier protective encapsulation (1, 3, 7) to seal and insulate said at least one source of light from the environment, wherein said triple barrier protective encapsulation is at least partially optically transmissive to enable light propagation from said at least one source of light to the environment at predefined wavelengths.

Abstract: A luminaire incorporating a plurality of lighting module units, each module comprising a plurality of preferably independently controllable light sources, optionally LEDs and/or laser lamps, each light source having preferably dedicated lens structure associated therewith, wherein the modules are individually configurable and further wherein the light output characteristics of each module of said plurality are individually controllable to yield a target overall distribution of output light from the luminaire. Yet, it is presented a lighting apparatus comprising a single point-like light source, preferably a LED, and a transmissive lens structure optically connected to said light source defining a plurality of optically functional, mutually different segments dedicated for controlling the light, e.g. distribution and direction, originally emitted by said single light source. A corresponding transmissive element such as a lens is presented.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus for hazardous environments, comprising at least one substantially point-like source of light, and a housing structure for said at least one substantially point-like source of light, defining at least a triple barrier protective encapsulation to seal and insulate said at least one source of light from the environment, wherein said triple barrier protective encapsulation is at least partially optically transmissive to enable light propagation from said at least one source of light to the environment at predefined wavelengths.

Abstract: A luminaire incorporating a plurality of lighting module units, each module comprising a plurality of preferably independently controllable light sources, optionally LEDs and/or laser lamps, each light source having preferably dedicated lens structure associated therewith, wherein the modules are individually configurable and further wherein the light output characteristics of each module of said plurality are individually controllable to yield a target overall distribution of output light from the luminaire. Yet, it is presented a lighting apparatus comprising a single point-like light source, preferably a LED, and a transmissive lens structure optically connected to said light source defining a plurality of optically functional, mutually different segments dedicated for controlling the light, e.g. distribution and direction, originally emitted by said single light source. A corresponding transmissive element such as a lens is presented.

Abstract: A luminaire incorporating a plurality of lighting module units, each module comprising a plurality of preferably independently controllable light sources, optionally LEDs and/or laser lamps, each light source having preferably dedicated lens structure associated therewith, wherein the modules are individually configurable and further wherein the light output characteristics of each module of said plurality are individually controllable to yield a target overall distribution of output light from the luminaire. Yet, it is presented a lighting apparatus comprising a single point-like light source, preferably a LED, and a transmissive lens structure optically connected to said light source defining a plurality of optically functional, mutually different segments dedicated for controlling the light, e.g. distribution and direction, originally emitted by said single light source. A corresponding transmissive element such as a lens is presented.

Abstract: “A luminaire incorporating a plurality of lighting module units, each module comprising a plurality of preferably independently controllable light sources, optionally LEDs and/or laser lamps, each light source having preferably dedicated lens structure associated therewith, wherein the modules are individually configurable and further wherein the light output characteristics of each module of said plurality are individually controllable to yield a target overall distribution of output light from the luminaire. Yet, it is presented a lighting apparatus comprising a single point-like light source, preferably a LED, and a transmissive lens structure optically connected to said light source defining a plurality of optically functional, mutually different segments dedicated for controlling the light, e.g. distribution and direction, originally emitted by said single light source. A corresponding transmissive element such as a lens is presented.

Abstract: The invention relates to an elastic composite structure, which is intended for use as a flexible, pliable and thin film structure in the manufacture of a 2- or 3-dimensional product, particularly for providing mechanical protection against cutting, puncturing and/or the like. The composite structure comprises firstly an elastomer system (1), which is constituted by at least one PUR- (polyurethane resin), PUD- (polyurethane dispersion), SI- (silicone) based elastomer material and/or the like, and secondly by a mechanically durable reinforcer system (2), such as a fabric, weave or knit structure (2a) made from one or more flexible hybrid yarns, an oriented flake reinforcement structure (2c) made from laminated flakes (y), and/or the like. The invention relates also to an elastic composite structure, which is intended for the above application and which comprises a reinforcement system (2) for reinforcing the same mechanically against cutting, puncturing and/or the like.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus for hazardous environments, comprising at least one substantially point-like source of light, and a housing structure for said at least one substantially point-like source of light, defining at least a triple barrier protective encapsulation to seal and insulate said at least one source of light from the environment, wherein said triple barrier protective encapsulation is at least partially optically transmissive to enable light propagation from said at least one source of light to the environment at predefined wavelengths.

Abstract: The invention relates to a light panel, comprising a light source (1) and a panel element (2). The panel element is manufactured from a substantially transparent material for transmitting light thereby. The panel element (2) is further configured as a waveguide panel, inside which the light beams propagate with total reflection and get outcoupled therefrom with a diffractive outcoupling system. An outcoupling system (2u), such as a grating structure or the like, is adapted to cover the entire panel element (2) as far as its light surface (2a) is concerned, such that divergent recesses and/or grooves of various sizes and/or shapes are used to produce divergent local gratings of various sizes and/or shapes, such as multi-shaped and/or binary pixels and/or units, having the filing factor, shape, profile and/or size thereof optimized in such a way that the diffraction efficiency is a function of place.

Abstract: The invention relates to an elastic composite structure, which is intended for use as a flexible, pliable and thin film structure in the manufacture of a 2- or 3-dimensional product, particularly for providing mechanical protection against cutting, puncturing and/or the like. The composite structure comprises firstly an elastomer system (1), which is constituted by at least one PUR- (polyurethane resin), PUD- (polyurethane dispersion), SI- (silicone) based elastomer material and/or the like, and secondly by a mechanically durable reinforcer system (2), such as a fabric, weave or knit structure (2a) made from one or more flexible hybrid yarns, an oriented flake reinforcement structure (2c) made from laminated flakes (y), and/or the like. The invention relates also to an elastic composite structure, which is intended for the above application and which comprises a reinforcement system (2) for reinforcing the same mechanically against cutting, puncturing and/or the like.

Abstract: A beam shaper intended for use in connection with a quasi-monochromatic light source and which is fabricated from a substantially transparent material as a transmission element guiding the propagation of light for rounding, making elliptical, collimating, diverging, converging and/or for the like application of a light beam/beams. The beam shaper has its transmission element guiding the light beam/beams provided with a structure which at least partially consists of binary, surface relief type of diffractive patterns, having local granting periods thereof optimized with respect to longitudinal and transverse directions, as well as with respect to an optical axis, essentially in accordance with the Bragg diffraction geaometry for providing a maximum diffraction efficiency.

Abstract: An elastic composite structure including an elastomer system comprising at least one of a polyurethane resin, a polyurethane dispersion, or a silicone-based elastomer material. A mechanically durable reinforcer system includes a fabric, weave or knit structure including a flexible hybrid yarn including at least elastic polymer fibers, wherein the fabric, weave or knit structure is at least partially precoated/impregnated with an elastic and soft elastomer matrix to form a surface layer of the composite structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a thin-walled article, wherein a single- or multi-component, essentially polymer-based material (1), such as plastics, elastomers, and/or the like, is sprayed in an elecrical field (E) in an electrically charged state. The thin-walled article is manufactured in the electrical field (E) by spraying (II) an electrically charged material into the contact with a mould (2) set at an electric potential, after which spraying cycle (II) the article is, at least in terms of its appearance, immediately a finished product after its demoulding/releasing from the mould (2). The invention relates also to an apparatus operating in accordance with the method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a light panel, comprising a light source (1) and a panel element (2). The panel element is manufactured from a substantially transparent material for transmitting light thereby. The panel element (2) is further configured as a waveguide panel, inside which the light beams propagate with total reflection and get outcoupled therefrom with a diffractive outcoupling system. An outcoupling system (2u), such as a grating structure or the like, is adapted to cover the entire panel element (2) as far as its light surface (2a) is concerned, such that divergent recesses and/or grooves of various sizes and/or shapes are used to produce divergent local gratings of various sizes and/or shapes, such as multi-shaped and/or binary pixels and/or units, having the filing factor, shape, profile and/or size thereof optimized in such a way that the diffraction efficiency is a function of place.

Abstract: A light panel that includes a light source and a panel element operatively connected to the light source. The panel element includes a substantially transparent light transmitting material and is operative as a waveguide panel inside which light beams received from the light source propagate with total reflection. A diffractive outcoupling system is arranged on the panel element over a light surface of the panel element and is operative to outcouple the light beams from inside the panel element. The diffractive outcoupling system includes a plurality of local grating elements. The local grating elements have a plurality configurations and are optimized such that a diffraction efficiency is a function of location.

Abstract: The invention relates to a light indicator, comprising an indicator element (2) illuminable by a light source (1). The indicator element is manufactured from a substantially transparent material provided with an informative indicator pattern. The indicator element (2) is designed as a waveguide panel, wherein light beams propagate with total reflection and get outcoupled therefrom with a diffractive outcoupling system (2u), such as a grating structure or the like, which is configured as an indcator pattern, for producing an indicator pattern (2a) activable in the indicator element (2) by the action of light, such that divergent recesses and/or grooves of various sizes and/or shape constitute divergent local gratings of various sizes and/or shapes, such as multi-shaped and/or binary pixels and/or units, the filling factor, shape, profile and/or size thereof being optimized in such a way that the difraction efficiency is a function of place.

Abstract: The invention relates to a beam shaper, which is intended for use in connection with a quasi-monochromatic light source (1) and which is fabricatedf rom a substantially transparent material as a transmission element (3) guiding the propagation of light for rounding, making elliptical, collimating, diverging, converging and/or for the like application of a light beam/beams (R). The beam shaper has its transmission element (3′) guiding the light beam/beams (R) provided with a strucutre which at least partially consists of binary, surface relief type of diffractive patterns, having local grating periods thereof optimized with respect to longitudinal and transverse directions, as well as with respect to an optical axis, essentially in accordance with the Bragg diffraction geometry for providing a maximum diffraction efficiency.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for electrically controlling a flow of material, wherein a single- or multi-component, essentially polymer-based material (1), such as plastics, elastomer or the like, is charged electrically (I) and sprayed (II) in an electrical field (E) to a three-dimensional mould (2)/target (3). The method of the invention makes use of the mould (2)/target (3) set at an electric potential and provided with two or more treatment blocks (Li) to be set at voltage levels different from each other, especially for coordinating the courses of sprayed material particles and the electrical field (E) affecting the same, in such a manner that each section/area of the mould/target surface forms a material layer of desirable thickness in the spraying cycle (II). The invention relates also to an apparatus operating in accordance with the method.

Abstract: Method for production of conducting element, which conducting element consists at least of an elongated electricity conductive, in which several electric components (2), bringing out the lighting operation or like according to the use of the conducting element, are being attached to one after another in the longitudinal direction (s), whereafter the said entirety is being surrounded by a casing part (3) protecting the same. The conducting element is being manufactured from an essentially flat conductor part (1; 1′), such as a band, a stripe or a like, into which there has been attached electric components (2′), such as probes, LEDs, resistors and/or the like by arranging the same, preferably throughout built-in when viewed in a cross section with a casing material (3′) forming the said casing part (3), by exploiting a continuous manufacturing process, such as extrusion or like. The invention relases to a conducting element to be manufactured by the method, also.