Abstract: An improved lubricity water and diesel fuel emulsion is presented. The emulsion is used as fuel for diesel engines, and includes a lubricity additive selected from the group consisting of dimer acids, trimer acids, phosphate esters, sulfurized castor oil, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The tendency of aqueous solutions of urea and other NH-containing compositions to force instability of hardness factors has been found to be detrimental to processes and apparatus employing them. The reliability of these processes and apparatus is improved by the inclusion of hardness-suppressing compositions, which preferably include both a water-soluble polymer and a phosphonate. In particular, agricultural and NO.sub.x -reducing applications are improved, especially for solutions containing urea hydrolysis products and the salts of them.

Abstract: Pollution from industrial plants which produce NO.sub.x and waste water is reduced by utilizing waste water to prepare aqueous NO.sub.x -reducing solutions. Total water hardness in the waste water is preferably maintained below 2500 ppm, silicate below 200 ppm and the calcium to magnesium ratio above 2:1. The aqueous NO.sub.x -reducing solution will preferably contain hardness suppressing compostions in effective amounts.

Abstract: The tendency of aqueous solutions of urea and other NH-containing compositions to force instability of hardness factors has been found to be detrimental to processes and apparatus employing them. The reliability of these processes and apparatus is improved by the inclusion of hardness-suppressing compositions, which preferably include both a water-soluble polymer and a phosphonate. In particular, agricultural and NO.sub.x -reducing applications are improved, especially for solutions containing urea hydrolysis products and the salts of them.

Abstract: An improved lubricity water and fuel oil emulsion is presented. The emulsion is used as fuel for an electric power generating turbine, and includes a lubricity additive selected from the group consisting of dimer acids, trimer acids, phosphate esters, sulfurized castor oil, and mixtures thereof. Also included is a method for improving the combustion efficiency of a turbine, using the inventive additives.

Abstract: In a furnace (boiler) installation where oxides of nitrogen are to be reduced to elemental nitrogen by treatment with a reactant such as a solution of urea, the desired amount of reactant (dependent on furnace specifics) is determined by comparing the fluorescent light intensity of a sample of the treating solution to the fluorescent light intensity of a calibration standard representing the desired amount of reactant concentration; in the case of non-comparison the concentration of reactant in the treating solution is altered until the intensities are substantially identical.

Abstract: An iron oxide cleaning composition and method for using these compositions as disclosed. This cleaning process uses formaldehyde sulfoxylate reducing agents in combination with hydrolyzable tanning extracts and chelating agents to remove deposited iron oxide from metal surfaces, particularly those surfaces exposed to recirculating cooling waters.

Abstract: Concentrated solutions of sodium sulfite and related compounds can be inhibited against sodium sulfate precipitation by substituting potassium for a portion of the sodium contained in such compounds. A typical concentrate would contain a water-soluble sulfite mixture comprising sodium and potassium sulfite with the sodium to potassium ratio ranging between 1:1 to 15:1.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting amorphous silica scale formation on surfaces in contact with industrial waters containing dissolved silicates is disclosed. The method involves treating the industrial waters with a boron compound which dissolves in or hydrolyzes in these industrial waters to give the orthoborate ion. The preferred boron compound is boric acid, its salts, or precursors.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting amorphous silica scale formation on surfaces in contact with industrial waters which comprises treating said waters with an effective amount for the purpose of inhibiting amorphous silica scale formation of a water-soluble, low molecular weight polypolar organic compound containing hydroxyl, primary amino and/or secondary amino functional groups, and mixtures thereof, or with a combination of this polypolar organic compound with a boron compound which forms or is hydrolyzed to form orthoborate ions when dissolved in the industrial waters.

Abstract: A copolymer consisting of a 3:1 ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid with a molecular weight of approximately 10,000 is very effective in preventing calcium phosphate fouling of heat transfer surfaces as found, for example, in cooling water.

Abstract: A method of enhancing the activity of water-soluble, low molecular weight polymeric dispersants used to suspend iron oxides in cooling waters which also contain soluble iron compounds comprises treating such waters with the water-soluble, low molecular weight polymeric dispersant and a water-soluble copolymer consisting of 25% by weight of acrylic acid and 75% by weight acrylamide with the ratio of copolymer to soluble iron being 1:1.