Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cyclone for separating fine particles from a gas. The cyclone includes a cyclone body having an upper end with an inlet and a lower end with a particulate outlet, gas outlet tube with an upper end that extends upwardly into the lower end of the cyclone body, and a vortex breaker. The upper end of the gas outlet tube is connected to the lower end of the cyclone body by a slip joint. The configuration of the cyclone provides for efficient removal of fine particles as compared to conventional techniques. A vessel containing cyclones, and methods of separation using the cyclones and vessel, also are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cyclone for separating fine particles from a gas. The cyclone includes a cyclone body having an upper end with an inlet and a lower end with a particulate outlet, gas outlet tube with an upper end that extends upwardly into the lower end of the cyclone body, and a vortex breaker. The upper end of the gas outlet tube is connected to the lower end of the cyclone body by a slip joint. The configuration of the cyclone provides for efficient removal of fine particles as compared to conventional techniques. A vessel containing cyclones, and methods of separation using the cyclones and vessel, also are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cyclone for separating fine particles from a gas. The cyclone includes a cyclone body having an upper end with an inlet and a lower end with a particulate outlet, gas outlet tube with an upper end that extends upwardly into the lower end of the cyclone body, and a vortex breaker. The upper end of the gas outlet tube is connected to the lower end of the cyclone body by a slip joint. The configuration of the cyclone provides for efficient removal of fine particles as compared to conventional techniques. A vessel containing cyclones, and methods of separation using the cyclones and vessel, also are disclosed.

Abstract: A wear resistant vent orifice is formed by a ring plate member, having erosion protective material at least on the inner annulus thereof, defining the vent orifice between the inner annulus of the ring plate and a tube member passing therethrough.

Abstract: In a direct-coupled cyclone system, the riser cyclone is positioned external to a containment vessel. The riser cyclone separator discharges separated catalyst to a catalyst stripper internal to the containment vessel. Means is provided for withdrawing stripping gas from the catalyst stripper and passing it under pressure control to the riser cyclone separator. The riser cyclone separator is inherently pressure stable relative to the catalyst stripper. The invention is particularly useful for retrofitting a direct-coupled cyclone separator to a preexisting containment vessel with limited free volume.

Abstract: A riser cyclone separator is positioned external to a containment vessel. The riser cyclone separator discharges separated catalyst to a catalyst stripper and separated vapor to a plenum, both positioned internal to the containment vessel. Means is provided for withdrawing stripping gas from the catalyst stripper and passing it via the riser cyclone separator to the plenum. The riser cyclone separator is inherently pressure stable relative to the containment vessel. The invention is particularly useful for retrofitting a direct-connected riser cyclone separator to a preexisting containment vessel with space limitations.

Abstract: A coke shield is mounted on a reactor cyclone outlet tube spaced above the roof of the cyclone body so as to protect a vent orifice between the cyclone roof and outlet tube from clogging with debris. The coke shield is also provided with a plurality of apertures to prevent any pressure unbalance in the system.

Abstract: A rough cut catalyst/vapor separator for fluid catalyst cracking risers which is located at the outlet of a riser and causes the oil-catalyst mixture to undergo a tight, 180 degree downward turn. The centrifugal separator is equivalent to one-half a turn inside a cyclone and causes most of the catalyst to move to the wall. Most of the oil vapors are squeezed out away from the wall. At the end of the separator is a shave-off scoop positioned to divide a predominantly catalyst phase from a predominantly oil phase. The shave-off scoops conduct the catalyst phase away from the center of the vessel and deposit it near the vessel wall where its downward flow is continued under the action of gravity. The oil vapor phase continue its downward flow for a while but then must undergo a 180 degree turn and flow upward to exit the vessel through a series of conventional cyclone separators. The second 180 degree turn of the oil vapors help separate catalyst which is not caught by the shave-off scoop.

Abstract: A separator apparatus has been invented which rapidly disengages catalyst from product vapor in the reactor discharge stream of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) apparatus. The separator apparatus comprises a flow diverter which comprises a frustum in which are spiral channels which induce a spin on the impacting stream and are sufficiently deep to contain a layer of catalyst. A position member is attached to the frustum base and apertures in the position member allow the flow of vapor to a bore and on to cyclone separators where final catalyst-vapor separation is made. Catalyst does not pass through the apertures and remains within a cylindrical separation chamber in flow communication with a dip leg which directs the catalyst to a stripper vessel in the fluid catalytic cracking apparatus. The separator apparatus is a solution to the vibration problem experienced in the use of rough-cut cyclones.

Abstract: A two-stage cascade flow fluid catalytic cracking process capable of converting high molecular weight hydrocarbons containing catalyst poisons into products of lower molecular weight with high activity cracking catalyst susceptible to catalyst poisons, the cascade flow process resulting in higher yields of desired motor fuel fractions than those obtainable with conventional riser flow fluid catalytic cracking processes. Catalyst poisons, e.g.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for regeneration of coked catalyst resulting from a hydrocarbon conversion reaction in which catalyst regeneration is carried out in a plurality of superposed regeneration zones comprising the combination of a first dense phase fluidized bed regeneration zone, an entrained catalyst dilute phase regeneration zone superposed on said first regeneration zone, and a second dense phase fluid bed regeneration zone superposed on said dilute phase regeneration zone. Catalyst is regenerated by combustion of coke from the surface of the catalyst at an elevated temperature in the range of 675.degree. to 800.degree. C. with an excess of oxygen supplied by an oxygen-containing regeneration gas part of which is introduced into the first fluidized bed regeneration zone and part into said dilute phase regeneration zone, including a novel means of control of the rate of catalyst recirculated from said second dense phase regeneration zone to said first regeneration zone.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for catalytic conversion of hydrocarbon feedstocks and regeneration of coked catalyst resulting from the hydrocarbon conversion reaction in which the catalyst regeneration is carried out in a combination of dense phase fluidized bed, an entrained phase regeneration zone and a second dense phase fluidized bed and the hydrocarbon conversion reaction is carried out in a high velocity short contact time dilute phase reaction zone wherein the reaction time and temperature and the regenerator temperature may be separately varied to provide and maintain optimum conversion conditions.

Abstract: A process for the regeneration of coke-contaminated fluidizable catalytic cracking catalyst wherein the regeneration flue gas having a reduced concentration of carbon monoxide and regenerated catalyst having a reduced residual carbon content are obtained. By this method a fluidized dense catalyst phase of coke-contaminated catalyst is regenerated with an excess amount of oxygen-containing regeneration gas at an elevated temperature such that there is a controlled afterburn of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in the dilute catalyst phase whereby a flue gas having a carbon monoxide content of from 0 to 500 ppm is obtained. The residence time of catalyst in the fluidized dense catalyst phase is adjusted to provide a low level of residual carbon-on-regenerated-catalyst.

Abstract: An improved method for controlling the fluidized dense catalyst phase temperature in the regeneration zone of a fluid catalytic cracking unit. In this method, the level of the fluidized catalyst bed above the riser discharge in the reaction vessel is adjusted in response to a change detected in the temperature of the fluidized dense catalyst phase of the regeneration zone. Adjustment of the catalyst bed level in the reaction zone affects the coke laydown on the catalyst in the reactor and, consequently, the amount of heat liberated in the regeneration zone upon combustion of the coke contained in the partially deactivated catalyst. A reactor bed level is attained where the resulting coke laydown on the catalyst is sufficient to maintain the desired temperature in the fluidized dense catalyst phase.

Abstract: A process is described herein for regeneration of spent, coke contaminated fluidized cracking catalyst by burning coke therefrom with a molecular oxygen containing regeneration gas in a fluidized dense phase bed, and for burning substantially all carbon monoxide formed to carbon dioxide. A method is provided for establishing a homogeneous dense phase fluidized bed of catalyst undergoing regeneration. Additionally, a method is provided for transferring heat from a dilute phase back to the fluidized dense phase catalyst bed.

Abstract: Apparatus for regeneration of spent, coke contaminated fluidized cracking catalyst by burning coke therefrom with a molecular oxygen containing regeneration gas in a fluidized dense phase bed, and for burning substantially all carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. Means are provided for transferring heat from the top of said regeneration apparatus to the bottom, employing catalyst as the transfer medium. Additionally, means are provided for maintaining a homogeneous fluidized dense phase bed of catalyst undergoing regeneration.