Abstract: A system for analyzing a bulk material including a tube for transporting a stream of a bulk material, a plurality of illuminators for directing radiation through the stream and arranged about a circumference of the tube, a plurality of detectors arranged substantially opposite the illuminators, and at least one spectrometer for receiving and analyzing data from the plurality of detectors.

Abstract: A system for analyzing a bulk material including a tube for transporting a stream of a bulk material, a plurality of illuminators for directing radiation through the stream and arranged about a circumference of the tube, a plurality of detectors arranged substantially opposite the illuminators, and at least one spectrometer for receiving and analyzing data from the plurality of detectors.

Abstract: A method for reclosing a temporarily opened circuit breaker in a manner which assures that generation of unwanted overvoltage stresses is avoided during the reclosure process. An oscillating line voltage typically develops in a shunt-compensated line after a circuit breaker connecting the line to a voltage source is opened. When the circuit breaker is reclosed the source voltage and the oscillating voltages must be properly phased to avoid the overstressing problem. In operation, the polarities of the feed voltage and the oscillating line voltage are detected and the instant when the circuit breaker may be reclosed is calculated. The periods T.sub.L and T.sub.S of the line voltage and the feed voltage are measured. Also measured is the time .DELTA.T which elapses from a zero crossing of the line voltage waveform to a subsequent zero crossing of the feed voltage waveform having the same phase angle as that of the line voltage zero crossing. The circuit breaker is reclosed upon satisfying the relationship:.

Abstract: Absorption circuits (C.sub.f,L.sub.F) are used for filtering out unwanted harmonic currents in electric lines (R, S, T), particularly for rated power within the range of 1 MVar-1 GVar, for example in the case of high-voltage direct-current transmission systems. So that the absorption circuit holds the virtual capacitance of the filter capacitor circuit (C.sub.f) at its rated value at a tuned frequency even when one or more capacitors (C11, C21, C12, C22) fail, a compensating choke (L) is provided in the cross branch of an "H" circuit of the capacitors. The capacitance of each capacitor (C11 . . . C22) is equal to the total capacitance C of the filter capacitor circuit (C.sub.f). The inductance L of the compensating choke (L) is equal to 1/.omega..sup.2 C, where .omega.=angular frequency of the harmonic. The compensating choke (L) can be designed for 5%-10% of the power of the filter choke (L.sub.F).

Abstract: In a high-voltage switching system, nodes (1, 2, . . . , 8) are connected in the form of a ring via switching points (12, 23, . . . , ) which in each case contain a circuit breaker. In this system, the breaking currents of the circuit breakers are to be limited and thus the breaking capacity of the circuit breakers provided in the system is to be reduced if a short-circuited part (for example node 1) is separated from a faultless part of the system. This is achieved by opening a switching point (for example 45) of the nodes connected in the form of a ring, between the contact feeders of which switching point and the non-available node (for example (1) in each case at least one available node (for example 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) is provided, via which a component short circuit is fed into the ring.

Abstract: In a switching system having n nodes (1,2 . . . 6) which are connected via interruptible current branches (11,12 . . . 16) in the form of a ring, in the case of non-availability of at least one of the nodes or at least one of the switching points provided in the interruptible current branches (for example 11) the nodes which are still available are to be connected in the form of a ring, the structure of which is nearly unaltered in the undisturbed areas of the switching system with respect to the corresponding structure of the ring provided in the undisturbed system. For this purpose, n dual isolating switches (31a, 32a, . . . ) and a circuit breaker (a) are provided which are connected to the nodes (1,2 . . . 6) in such a manner that each node (for example 1) can be connected to any one of the other nodes (for example 2) via one of the n dual isolating switches (for example 31a), the circuit breaker (a) and another one of the n dual isolating switches (for example 32a).