Abstract: Various embodiments set forth medical devices. In some embodiments, the medical device includes an impedance bridge, an instrument head that includes one or more electrode pairs and a calibration impedance, and one or more wire pairs that couple the impedance bridge to the one or more electrode pairs and the calibration impedance. The disclosed medical devices compensate for impedance caused by extraneous factors arising from manufacturing and materials variances while measuring the impedance of tissue.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a medical device includes: a tissue sample-receiving surface; an electrode array that includes a first electrode and a second electrode that are positioned to contact a tissue sample disposed on the tissue sample-receiving surface; and an impedance bridge that is communicatively coupled to the electrode array.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a medical device comprises a trocar including an awl and a cannula; two or more electrodes disposed on a distal portion of the trocar; an impedance bridge coupled to the two or more electrodes; and a processor coupled to the impedance bridge. In various embodiments, a computer-implemented method for evaluating tissue of a patient comprises recording, at one or more frequencies, one or more impedance measurements, wherein each impedance measurement is associated with two or more electrodes disposed on a distal portion of a trocar; comparing the one or more impedance measurements to one or more characteristic impedances associated with one or more tissue types; and determining, based on the one or more impedance measurements and the one or more characteristic impedances, one or more tissue types at a location associated with the distal portion of the trocar.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a medical device comprises a urethral catheter including a distal portion two or more electrodes disposed on the distal portion; an impedance bridge coupled to the two or more electrodes; and a processor coupled to the impedance bridge. In various embodiments, a computer-implemented method for determining one or more tissue types at a location associated with a distal portion of a urethral catheter comprises recording, at one or more frequencies, one or more impedance measurements, wherein each impedance measurement is associated with two or more electrodes disposed on the distal portion of the urethral catheter; comparing the one or more impedance measurements to one or more characteristic impedances associated with one or more tissue types; and determining, based on the one or more impedance measurements and the one or more characteristic impedances, one or more tissue types at a location associated with the distal portion.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a medical device includes an instrument head that includes two or more electrodes and a medical device tool, an impedance bridge selectively coupled to the two or more electrodes, and a processor coupled to the impedance bridge. In various embodiments, a method for controlling medical device tools comprises recording, at one or more frequencies, two or more impedance measurements, wherein each impedance measurement is associated with two or more electrodes included in an instrument head of a medical device; and determining, based on the two or more impedance measurements, a tissue type map at a location associated with the instrument head.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a medical device includes an instrument head that includes a needle and two or more electrodes disposed on the needle; an impedance bridge coupled to the two or more electrodes; and a processor coupled to the impedance bridge. In various embodiments, a method for determining one or more tissue types present at a location associated with a needle of a medical device comprises recording, at one or more frequencies, one or more impedance measurements, wherein each impedance measurement is associated with two or more electrodes disposed on the needle of an instrument head of the medical device; comparing the one or more impedance measurements to one or more characteristic impedances associated with one or more tissue types; and determining, based on the one or more impedance measurements and the one or more characteristic impedances, one or more tissue types at the location associated with the needle.

Abstract: Various embodiments set forth medical devices. In some embodiments, the medical device includes an impedance bridge, an instrument head that includes one or more electrode pairs and a calibration impedance, and one or more wire pairs that couple the impedance bridge to the one or more electrode pairs and the calibration impedance. The disclosed medical devices compensate for impedance caused by extraneous factors arising from manufacturing and materials variances while measuring the impedance of tissue.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a medical device includes an instrument head that includes one or more electrode pairs and a medical device tool coupled to a conduit, an impedance bridge, and a processor coupled to the impedance bridge and the conduit. In various embodiments, a method includes recording, at one or more frequencies, one or more impedance measurements associated with one or more electrode pairs included in an instrument head of the medical device; determining, based on the one or more impedance measurements, a tissue type of a portion of tissue contacting the one or more electrode pairs; and performing one or more operations to control a medical device tool included in the instrument head based on the tissue type.

Abstract: The present application discloses an ocular stimulation device including a contact lens with a member embedded in a surface thereof for electrically stimulating an eye of a wearer of the lens.

Abstract: The present application discloses an ocular stimulation device including a contact lens with a member embedded in a surface thereof for electrically stimulating an eye of a wearer of the lens.