Abstract: The present invention comprises a method, computer program product, and system for risk management. The present invention includes calculating a statistic of loss per unit time, the statistic being a product of a site loss parameter and a loss given a loss-basis event. The site loss parameter is a site casualty parameter and/or a site economic parameter, while the loss-basis event is a casualty-basis event and/or an economic-basis event, non-limiting examples of which include an earthquake, flooding, wind, and blast pressure.

Abstract: A universal aqueous composition and a process for using such a composition for pretreating metal substrates is provided. The aqueous composition includes a hydroxy functional cyclic compound, such as a tannin, in an amount of at least about 500 ppm, phosphate ions, an oxidizer-accelerator, and at least one Group IVB metal compound capable of converting to a metal oxide upon application to the metal substrate, such as a fluorozirconate or fluorotitanate. The composition may further contain fluoride ions and/or iron The composition is particularly useful for corrosion resistance with a variety of metals such as iron, steel; zinc-coated surfaces, aluminum, and alloys thereof. A disaccharide may further be provided to prolong the useful life of the composition, particularly when used in spray applications.