Abstract: An apparatus and methods for exerting force on a first bone with respect to a fulcrum, which may be a second bone. A base structure, mechanically coupled to the fulcrum, is coupled to the closure top so that a force may be exerted by the base structure, acting against the fulcrum, in at least one of axial and transverse directions with respect to a pedicle screw inserted into bone. A leg extension, allowing force to be applied through the pedicle screw to a bone, has a first end rotatably coupled to the base structure; and a second end threaded as the closure top. The base structure may also support a retractor in a manner local to the immediate region of surgery.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods for exerting force on a first bone with respect to a fulcrum, which may be a second bone. A base structure, mechanically coupled to the fulcrum, is coupled to the closure top so that a force may be exerted by the base structure, acting against the fulcrum, in at least one of axial and transverse directions with respect to a pedicle screw inserted into bone. A leg extension, allowing force to be applied through the pedicle screw to a bone, has a first end rotatably coupled to the base structure; and a second end threaded as the closure top. The base structure may also support a retractor in a manner local to the immediate region of surgery.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for exerting force on a first bone with respect to a fulcrum, which may be a second bone. A pedicle screw with a central threaded socket is inserted into the first bone, and a threaded closure top is driven into the central threaded socket of the pedicle screw. A base structure, mechanically coupled to the fulcrum, is coupled to the closure top so that a force may be exerted by the base structure, acting against the fulcrum, in at least one of axial and transverse directions with respect to the pedicle screw. Coupling between the base structure and the pedicle screw may be by means on an integral assembly that allows both vertical and horizontal forces to be exerted on the bone. The base structure may also support a retractor in a manner local to the immediate region of surgery.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for exerting force on a first bone with respect to a fulcrum, which may be a second bone. A pedicle screw with a central threaded socket is inserted into the first bone, and a threaded closure top is driven into the central threaded socket of the pedicle screw. A base structure, mechanically coupled to the fulcrum, is coupled to the closure top so that a force may be exerted by the base structure, acting against the fulcrum, in at least one of axial and transverse directions with respect to the pedicle screw. Coupling between the base structure and the pedicle screw may be by means on an integral assembly that allows both vertical and horizontal forces to be exerted on the bone. The base structure may also support a retractor in a manner local to the immediate region of surgery.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods of inducing cell death and preferably, though not exclusively to methods of killing cells using E2 and/or E7 proteins from papillomaviruses.