Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing fully human antibodies that recognize a pre-determined antigen without relying on human donors that have already been exposed to the antigen. To this end, lymphocytes from naive human donors are immunized in vitro with the antigen of interest, and cells that produce antibodies against the antigen are identified. Since the lymphocytes are immunized in vitro rather than in vivo, it is possible to control which antigen, or which part of the antigen, would be recognized by the antibody. A preferred antigen is gp120 of HIV, particularly the co-receptor binding region of gp120.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor with sample pretreatment function includes an insulating substrate, and an electrode system disposed on the substrate having at least a working electrode and a reference electrode. An electrically insulating layer partially covers the electrode system, so an exposed area of the electrode system not covered by the electrically insulting layer forms an electrochemical electrode reaction region that accommodates sample solution and an air vent. A reaction layer is disposed in the electrochemical electrode reaction region and includes at least an oxidoreductase, an electron mediator, and at least a carrier.