Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller and a storage unit divided into a plurality of zones, each zone comprises a plurality of erase blocks. Data is written to an erase block of a zone to a program point that is less than the writeable capacity of the erase block. The data in the erase block is associated with various read weights dependent on the location of the data relative to the program point. Data stored closer to the program point has a higher read weight than data stored closer to the beginning of the erase block. The read weights indicate an error susceptibility of the data. When one or more read commands are received, the read weights of the data being read are accumulated to estimate the bit error accumulation until a predetermined value is reached.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller and a media unit. The capacity of the media unit is divided into a plurality of zones. The controller is configured to make informed use of errors by update zone metadata to indicate one or more first logical block addresses were skipped and to indicate the next valid logical block address is available to store data. The controller is further configured to update zone metadata to recommend to the host device to reset one or more full zones, to recommend to the host device to transition one or more open zones to a full state, to alert the host device that one or more open zones have been transitioned to the full state, and to notify the host device of the writeable zone capacity of each of the plurality of zones.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller comprising first random access memory (RAM1), second random access memory (RAM2), and a storage unit divided into a plurality of zones. The controller restricts the host to a maximum number of zones that can be in the open and active state at a time. Open zones can be switched to the closed state, and vice versa, upon a predetermined amount of time expiring. The maximum number of open zones is based on one or more amounts of time to: generate parity data, copy the parity data from the RAM2 to the RAM1, update the parity data, switch a zone from the open and active state to the closed state, and the amount of space in a temporary RAM1 buffer.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller and a media unit divided into a plurality of zones. Data associated with one or more first commands is written to a first portion of a first zone. Upon a predetermined amount of time passing, dummy data is written to a second portion of the first zone to fill the first zone to a zone capacity. Upon receiving one or more second commands to write data, a second zone is allocated and opened, and the data associated with the one or more second commands is written to a first portion of the second zone. The data associated with the one or more first commands is then optionally re-written to a second portion of the second zone to fill the second zone to a zone capacity, and the first zone is erased.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller, random-access memory (RAM), and a NVM unit, where in the NVM unit comprises a plurality of zones. The RAM unit comprises a logical to physical address (L2P) table for the plurality of zones. The L2P table comprises pointers that are associated with a logical block address (LBA) and the physical location of the data stored in the NVM. The L2P table comprises one pointer per erase block or zone. When a command is received to read data within the NVM, the controller reads the L2P table to determine the LBA and associated pointer of the data. The controller can then determine which zone or erase block the data is stored in, and calculates various offsets of wordlines, pages, and page addresses to find the exact location of the data in the NVM.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller comprising first random access memory (RAM1), second random access memory (RAM2), and a storage unit divided into a plurality of streams. The controller restricts the host to a maximum number of streams that can be in the open and active state at a time. Open streams can be switched to the closed state, and vice versa, upon a predetermined amount of time expiring. The maximum number of open streams is based on one or more amounts of time to: generate parity data, copy the parity data from the RAM2 to the RAM1, update the parity data, switch a stream from the open and active state to the closed state, and the amount of space in a temporary RAM1 buffer.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller comprising first random access memory (RAM1), second random access memory (RAM2), and a storage unit divided into a plurality of streams. The controller restricts the host to a maximum number of streams that can be in the open and active state at a time. Open streams can be switched to the closed state, and vice versa, upon a predetermined amount of time expiring. The maximum number of open streams is based on one or more amounts of time to: generate parity data, copy the parity data from the RAM2 to the RAM1, update the parity data, switch a stream from the open and active state to the closed state, and the amount of space in a temporary RAM1 buffer.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller comprising first random access memory (RAM1), second random access memory (RAM2), and a storage unit divided into a plurality of zones. A first command to write data to a first zone is received, first XOR data is generated in the RAM1, and the data of the first command is written to the first zone. When a second command to write data to a second zone is received, the generated first XOR data is copied from the RAM1 to the RAM2, and second XOR data for the second zone is copied from the RAM2 to the RAM1. The second XOR data is updated with the second command, and the data of the second command is written to the second zone. The updated second XOR data is copied from the RAM1 to the RAM2.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller and a storage unit divided into a plurality of zones. The storage unit comprises a plurality of dies, where each die comprises two planes. One erase block from each plane of a die is selected for zone formation. Each erase block comprises a plurality of wordlines. A zone comprises one or two dies dedicated to storing parity data and a plurality of dies dedicated to storing user data. The zone further comprises space devoted for controller metadata. The storage device restricts a host device to send write commands in a minimum write size to increase programming efficiency. The minimum write size equals one wordline from one erase block from each plane of each die in the zone dedicated to storing user data minus the space dedicated to metadata.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller comprising first random access memory (RAM1), second random access memory (RAM2), and a storage unit divided into a plurality of zones. A first command to write data to a first zone is received, first parity data for the first command is generated in the RAM1, and the data of the first command is written to the first zone. When a second command to write data to a second zone is received, the generated first parity data is copied from the RAM1 to a parking section in the storage unit, and second parity data associated with the second zone is copied from the parking section to the RAM1. The second parity data is then updated in the RAM1 with the data of the second command and copied to the parking section.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller comprising first random access memory (RAM1), second random access memory (RAM2), and a storage unit divided into a plurality of streams. A first command to write data to a first stream is received, first parity data for the first command is generated in the RAM1, and the data of the first command is written to the first stream. When a second command to write data to a second stream is received, the generated first parity data is copied from the RAM1 to a parking section in the storage unit, and second parity data associated with the second stream is copied from the parking section to the RAM1. The second parity data is updated in the RAM1 with the data of the second command and copied to the parking section.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller and a storage unit divided into a plurality of zones. Each zone comprises a plurality of dies, where each die comprises a plurality of erase blocks. Each erase block comprises a plurality of wordlines. One or more wordlines are grouped together in bins. Each bin is associated with a susceptibility weight, a read count weight, a timer count weight, and a running total weight. A weight counter table is stored in the controller, and tracks the various weights associated with each bin. When a sum of the weights of each bin reaches or exceeds a predetermined value, the controller closes the erase block to avoid an unacceptable quantity of bit error accumulation. The bit error susceptibility of an erase block decreases after the erase block is at capacity or is closed.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller and a storage unit divided into a plurality of streams. The storage unit comprises a plurality of dies, where each die comprises two planes. One erase block from each plane of a die is selected for stream formation. Each erase block comprises a plurality of wordlines. A stream comprises one or two dies dedicated to storing parity data and a plurality of dies dedicated to storing user data. The stream further comprises space devoted for controller metadata. The storage device restricts a host device to send write commands in a minimum write size to increase programming efficiency. The minimum write size equals one wordline from one erase block from each plane of each die in the stream dedicated to storing user data minus the space dedicated to metadata.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller, random-access memory (RAM), and a NVM unit, where in the NVM unit comprises a plurality of zones. The RAM unit comprises a logical to physical address (L2P) table for the plurality of zones. The L2P table comprises pointers that are associated with a logical block address (LBA) and the physical location of the data stored in the NVM. The L2P table comprises one pointer per erase block or zone. When a command is received to read data within the NVM, the controller reads the L2P table to determine the LBA and associated pointer of the data. The controller can then determine which zone or erase block the data is stored in, and calculates various offsets of wordlines, pages, and page addresses to find the exact location of the data in the NVM.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller and a media unit divided into a plurality of zones. Data associated with one or more first commands is written to a first portion of a first zone. Upon a predetermined amount of time passing, dummy data is written to a second portion of the first zone to fill the first zone to a zone capacity. Upon receiving one or more second commands to write data, a second zone is allocated and opened, and the data associated with the one or more second commands is written to a first portion of the second zone. The data associated with the one or more first commands is then optionally re-written to a second portion of the second zone to fill the second zone to a zone capacity, and the first zone is erased.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller and a storage unit divided into a plurality of zones, each zone comprises a plurality of erase blocks. Data is written to an erase block of a zone to a program point that is less than the writeable capacity of the erase block. The data in the erase block is associated with various read weights dependent on the location of the data relative to the program point. Data stored closer to the program point has a higher read weight than data stored closer to the beginning of the erase block. The read weights indicate an error susceptibility of the data. When one or more read commands are received, the read weights of the data being read are accumulated to estimate the bit error accumulation until a predetermined value is reached.

Abstract: The A storage device comprises a controller comprising first random access memory (RAM1), second random access memory (RAM2), and a storage unit divided into a plurality of streams. A first command to write data to a first stream is received, first XOR data is generated in the RAM1, and the data of the first command is written to the first stream. When a second command to write data to a second stream is received, the generated first XOR data is copied from the RAM1 to the RAM2, and second XOR data for the second stream is copied from the RAM2 to the RAM1. The second XOR data is updated with the second command, and the data of the second command is written to the second stream. The updated second XOR data is copied from the RAM1 to the RAM2.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller comprising first random access memory (RAM1), second random access memory (RAM2), and a storage unit divided into a plurality of zones. The controller restricts the host to a maximum number of zones that can be in the open and active state at a time. Open zones can be switched to the closed state, and vice versa, upon a predetermined amount of time expiring. The maximum number of open zones is based on one or more amounts of time to: generate parity data, copy the parity data from the RAM2 to the RAM1, update the parity data, switch a zone from the open and active state to the closed state, and the amount of space in a temporary RAM1 buffer.

Abstract: EGs may be combined with ZNSs to offer greater control of how, where and under what configurations, data is stored to various user-defined sections on a SSD. In embodiments, this exposure of control functionalities to an SSD host provides improved performance to data center and other hyperscale users and their clients. In embodiments, larger SSDs may be partitioned into groups of zones for better usage by host devices. In embodiments, the groups may comprise, for example, EGs, sets and MUs, each containing a defined number of zones. In one or more embodiments, hosts may use different EGs to access the device and thereby manage die or channel conflicts in the SSD.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to methods of operating storage devices. The storage device comprises a controller and a media unit. The capacity of the media unit is divided into a plurality of zones. The controller is configured to make informed use of errors by update zone metadata to indicate one or more first logical block addresses were skipped and to indicate the next valid logical block address is available to store data. The controller is further configured to update zone metadata to recommend to the host device to reset one or more full zones, to recommend to the host device to transition one or more open zones to a full state, to alert the host device that one or more open zones have been transitioned to the full state, and to notify the host device of the writeable zone capacity of each of the plurality of zones.