Abstract: Provided herein are compositions comprising tryptophan catabolites and methods of use thereof. In particular, provided herein are compositions comprising tryptophan catabolites and uses thereof in methods of treating gastrointestinal disorders, suppressing appetite, and promoting weight loss in a subject.

Abstract: A compound preparation contains alpha-lipoic acid and nimodipine at a ratio from 5:1 to 40:1. The above-mentioned compound preparation can be used for the prevention and treatment of noise-induced hearing impairment. This compound preparation not only increases the efficacy but decreases the dosage of nimodipine, reduces the side effects and improves the patient compliance.

Abstract: An online foreign language training system is disclosed for providing a rapid introduction to a foreign language. Language instruction may be provided from a matrix of target languages and user languages, such that a single site may serve as a teaching system for teaching many different foreign languages and thus provide individuals with the ability to learn many different languages using the same user interface. Language curriculum may be customized based on user selections and user demographics to improve the relevance of the instruction to a user in terms of its length, thematic functions, and types of graphical images and sounds presented to the user. Language instruction is presented in a spiraling format in which different thematic themes are presented at each level and the complexity increases at increasing levels of instruction. The online language training system also uses icons to contextually introduce key terms for “controlling” communication, or conversation management.