Abstract: A high-pressure gas compression, storage, and dispensing system. The system can include a storage vessel, a liquid sump tank, and a separation system. The pressure in the storage vessel can be controlled by partially filling or draining the storage vessel with the liquid. The stored gas can become partially saturated with the liquid, and the separation system can reduce the saturation.

Abstract: A system is provided for separating carbon dioxide emitted in exhaust gas from nitrogen gas. A compressor may be used for compressing the emitted exhaust gas and a heat exchanger may be used for cooling the compressed exhaust gas to liquid carbon dioxide temperatures. The liquid carbon dioxide may be separated from the compressed nitrogen gas and stored. A turbine may use the compressed nitrogen gas to drive the compressor, while further cooling the compressed nitrogen to cryo-temperatures. Heat exchangers may be used for transferring heat energy from emitted exhaust and the compressed exhaust to the cold compressed nitrogen, thus, conserving energy of the system.

Abstract: A system is provided for sequestering carbon dioxide emitted in exhaust gas from an engine. The exhaust gas may be cooled using heat exchange techniques, for example reverse flow heat exchangers. Carbon dioxide may be separated from the exhaust gases, for example using fractional distillation, heat exchangers, and turbo chargers. The separated carbon dioxide may be stored, for example using injection deep into the earth for enhancing natural gas and oil extraction. Alternatively, the separated carbon dioxide may be cooled to solid carbon dioxide and stored, for example, in an LNG tank for use as ballast onboard a ship or for use in industry.

Abstract: Methods are provided for estimating an exhaust temperature of an engine exhaust of a turbocharged engine prior to an inlet of the turbine of the turbocharger. These methods estimate the pre-turbine exhaust temperature based on thermodynamic equations and measured temperature and pressure values from elsewhere in the system. The estimated pre-turbine exhaust temperature can be used for controlling the engine, for verification of the emissions control system, and can also be compared against actual measurements of the pre-turbine exhaust temperature to evaluate engine performance. The present invention also provides turbocharged engine systems including sensors to make the required measurements and logic configured to estimate the pre-turbine exhaust temperature.

Abstract: A system is provided for monitoring and testing engine emissions during normal operations. The system monitors and logs engine data to determine when the engine is operating at a steady-state within a defined test mode. The system may measure and log multiple sets of emissions data while the engine is operating in the defined test mode. The multiple sets of emissions data may be aggregated for qualifying the engine and may provide trend information about the engine. The test mode definition may be revised based on the logged engine data. The system may be used to selectively monitor one or more of a set of multiple engines.

Abstract: Reverse flow heat exchangers including one or more pairs of contiguous ducts are provided. An intake duct conveys particle laden air, such as engine exhaust, to a combustion chamber and an exit duct conveys the purified air away from the combustion chamber. The exit duct is shaped such that the cross sectional area thereof varies as function of the length thereof, for example, the cross sectional area can increase as a function of distance from the combustion chamber. The intake duct can also be shaped to have a varying cross sectional area. A combustion purifier is formed by the combination of the combustion chamber with the reverse flow heat exchanger. When used in combination with an engine, the shapes of the ducts can serve to increase the power or efficiency of the engine by further reducing backpressure, as compared to a reverse flow heat exchanger without the shaped ducts.

Abstract: An exhaust system includes a combustion chamber and a radiation source configured to heat particles in an exhaust stream as the stream passes through the chamber. Once the particles are brought to an ignition temperature and begin to burn, the reaction within the chamber can become self-sustaining. The radiation source can comprise a resistive heating element, an infrared emitter, or a microwave emitter. The radiation source may radiate into the chamber through a radiation transparent window. The chamber may have a cross-section perpendicular to a longitudinal axis that is parabolic or partially parabolic. The exhaust system can also comprise a heat exchanger to pre-heat the exhaust before entering the chamber. Embodiments of the system can be configured to additionally perform as a catalytic converter and/or a muffler. A fuel such as urea or ammonia may be used in the heat exchanger for converting oxides of nitrogen. The exhaust system may be disposed between an engine and a turbocharger.

Abstract: A reverse flow heat exchanger is combined with a thermal energy sink to generate a temperature ladder. This system is used to cool a fluid more efficiently and/or to a lower temperature than would be possible without the reverse flow heat exchanger. The cooled fluid is optionally used to cool a sensor, a superconductor, a circuit, a cooling surface, or the like. The cooled fluid is optionally combined with a catalyst to remove unwanted constituents.

Abstract: A system and method is described for an internal combustion engine. The system comprises a compressor configured increase a pressure and temperature of a gas to produce a compressed gas and to maintain a continuous pressure and temperature of the compressed gas at more than four times ambient pressure and greater than a combustion temperature of a fuel and an internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine includes a cylinder configured to receive the compressed gas from the compressor at the increased pressure and temperature, a piston disposed in the cylinder, and an intake valve disposed between the compressor and the cylinder, the intake valve configured to open based on a position of the piston for admitting the compressed gas into the cylinder. The system further includes a fuel source configured to provide the fuel to the cylinder.

Abstract: An air cleaning system for converting particulates in a gas to a residue may include a compressor and a reverse flow combustion purifier. The compressor may compress the gas and the reverse flow combustion purifier may convert the particulates to the residue. A turbine may use compressed gas from the reverse flow combustion purifier to generate power for driving the compressor. Combustion of the particulates may provide make-up energy for sustaining the air cleaning system. A burner manifold may burn fuel using a portion of the compressed gas. Energy from combustion of the fuel may be used for driving the turbine.

Abstract: A system and method is described for an internal combustion engine system. The system comprises a compressor configured to produce compressed, heated gas for the internal combustion engine and a burner manifold. The burner manifold also receives fuel for mixing with the compressed, heated gas. A resultant combustion gas may be used to provide energy for driving the compressor. In some embodiments, combustion gas from the burner manifold may drive a turbine which in turn may drive the compressor. The internal combustion engine also receives compressed, heated gas from the compressor for combustion in a two cycle mode. The internal combustion engine may receive compressed gas via the burner manifold.

Abstract: An air purification system includes a reverse flow heat exchanger, a combustion chamber and a means for heating particles configured to cause particles in air to combust in the chamber. The reverse flow heat exchanger transfers excess heat from the purified air to the incoming air to lower the amount of energy needed to combust the particles in the combustion chamber. The means for heating particles can comprise a flame or a microwave emitter. The reverse flow heat exchanger is spiral wound around the combustion chamber.

Abstract: An air purification system includes a reverse flow heat exchanger, a combustion chamber and a means for heating particles configured to cause particles in air to combust in the chamber. The reverse flow heat exchanger transfers excess heat from the purified air to the incoming air to lower the amount of energy needed to combust the particles in the combustion chamber. The means for heating particles can comprise a flame or a microwave emitter. The reverse flow heat exchanger is spiral wound around the combustion chamber.

Abstract: An exhaust system includes a reverse flow heat exchanger having a plate separating an intake chamber and an exit chamber, each chamber having an inlet and an outlet located at opposing ends to allow flow therethrough. The plate can include a vane connected to the end of the plate in the vicinity of an inlet or an outlet. The vane is configured to reduce resistance to fluid flow near the intake chamber inlet. The exhaust system includes a heating manifold, such as a combustion chamber, configured to receive an exhaust stream from the intake chamber, further heat the exhaust stream, and return the exhaust stream to the exit chamber. Embodiments of the system can be configured to additionally perform as a catalytic converter and/or a muffler.

Abstract: An exhaust system includes a reverse flow heat exchanger having a plate separating an intake chamber and an exit chamber, each chamber having an inlet and an outlet located at opposing ends to allow flow therethrough. The plate can include a vane connected to the end of the plate in the vicinity of an inlet or an outlet. The vane is configured to reduce resistance to fluid flow near the intake chamber inlet. The exhaust system includes a heating manifold, such as a combustion chamber, configured to receive an exhaust stream from the intake chamber, further heat the exhaust stream, and return the exhaust stream to the exit chamber. Embodiments of the system can be configured to additionally perform as a catalytic converter and/or a muffler.

Abstract: A reverse flow heat exchanger is combined with an energy source to generate a temperature ladder. This system is used to create temperatures at which particles within a gas flow are combusted. Applications described include cleaning of particle laden gas, raising the temperature of a catalyst, exhaust cleaning and room air cleaning.

Abstract: A system comprising an engine, a turbo charger, and a particle burner is provided. The particle burner is disposed between the engine and a turbine of the turbo charger. The particle burner receives exhaust from the engine, heats the exhaust to a combustion temperature of particles within the exhaust, and then directs the cleaned exhaust to the turbine. The particle burner can include a reverse flow heat exchanger to heat the exhaust received from the engine. The particle burner can also include a catalyst to catalyze the further combustion of gaseous products of incomplete combustion from within the engine. The heat produced by the further combustion at the catalyst provides a further boost to the temperature within the particle burner.

Abstract: An exhaust system includes a combustion chamber and a radiation source configured to heat particles in an exhaust stream as the stream passes through the chamber. Once the particles are brought to an ignition temperature and begin to burn, the reaction within the chamber can become self-sustaining. The radiation source can comprise a resistive heating element, an infrared emitter, or a microwave emitter. The radiation source may radiate into the chamber through a radiation transparent window. The chamber may have a cross-section perpendicular to a longitudinal axis that is parabolic or partially parabolic. The exhaust system can also comprise a heat exchanger to pre-heat the exhaust before entering the chamber. Embodiments of the system can be configured to additionally perform as a catalytic converter and/or a muffler.

Abstract: An air purification system includes a reverse flow heat exchanger, a combustion chamber and a means for heating particles configured to cause particles in air to combust in the chamber. The reverse flow heat exchanger transfers excess heat from the purified air to the incoming air to lower the amount of energy needed to combust the particles in the combustion chamber. The means for heating particles can comprise a flame or a microwave emitter. The reverse flow heat exchanger is spiral wound around the combustion chamber.

Abstract: An exhaust system includes a reverse flow heat exchanger having a plate separating an intake chamber and an exit chamber, each chamber having an inlet and an outlet located at opposing ends to allow flow therethrough. The plate can include a vane connected to the end of the plate in the vicinity of an inlet or an outlet. The vane is configured to reduce resistance to fluid flow near the intake chamber inlet. The exhaust system includes a heating manifold, such as a combustion chamber, configured to receive an exhaust stream from the intake chamber, further heat the exhaust stream, and return the exhaust stream to the exit chamber. Embodiments of the system can be configured to additionally perform as a catalytic converter and/or a muffler.