Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure describe methods of preparing pre-catalysts that may be activated under methane to form catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to form olefins, among other chemical species. Embodiments of the present disclosure also describe methods of preparing catalysts and pre-catalysts, catalyst and pre-catalyst compositions, and methods of producing one or more chemical species using catalysts.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure describe a treated iron ore catalyst. Embodiments of the present disclosure further describe a method of preparing a treated iron ore catalyst comprising dehydrating an iron ore, milling the iron ore to a selected particle size, and reducing the iron ore to form a treated iron ore catalyst. Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a method of using a treated iron ore catalyst comprising contacting a feed gas with a treated iron ore catalyst to produce hydrogen and graphene.