Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated electrochemical lithium extraction process to directly produce lithium hydroxide from geothermal brine. The process integrates electrochemical silica removal, selective uptake and release of lithium using an intercalation material, and electro-driven generation of hydroxy (OH?) ions.

Abstract: A display substrate and a manufacturing method therefor, and a display apparatus. The display substrate includes a plurality of first electrodes (31) and a plurality of pixel definition structures (32) disposed on the base substrate (10). The pixel definition structures (32) are disposed between adjacent first electrodes (31) and forming pixel openings (35) exposing the first electrodes (31). A pixel definition structure (32) includes at least a first insulating layer (101), a second insulating layer (102), a third insulating layer (103), and a fourth insulating layer (104). An orthographic projection of the second insulating layer (102) on the base substrate at least partially overlaps an orthographic projection of a first electrode (31) on the base substrate. A surface of the second insulating layer (102) is provided with a second recess (106).

Abstract: A method for generating femtosecond vortex beams with high spatial intensity contrast, where a noncollinearly pumped HG beam femtosecond laser generates femtosecond HG beam and a cylindrical lens mode converter converts the femtosecond HG beam to femtosecond LG vortex beam. The HG beam femtosecond laser comprises a pump source, a gain medium, a saturable absorption mirror as mode-locker, and an output coupler with a noncollinear angle between the laser beam and the pump beam in the gain medium, which enables the laser to generate pure, order-tunable femtosecond HG beams. Femtosecond vortex beams obtained after the cylindrical lens converter have high-intensity-contrast, and are topological charge-tunable.

Abstract: A method for generating femtosecond vortex beams with high spatial intensity contrast, where a noncollinearly pumped HG beam femtosecond laser generates femtosecond HG beam and a cylindrical lens mode converter converts the femtosecond HG beam to femtosecond LG vortex beam. The HG beam femtosecond laser comprises a pump source, a gain medium, a saturable absorption mirror as mode-locker, and an output coupler with a noncollinear angle between the laser beam and the pump beam in the gain medium, which enables the laser to generate pure, order-tunable femtosecond HG beams. Femtosecond vortex beams obtained after the cylindrical lens converter have high-intensity-contrast, and are topological charge-tunable.