Abstract: The present invention provides a recombinant protein including (a) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); and (b) a minimal c-type cytochrome peptide. Further provided is a polynucleotide encoding the recombinant protein, a cell including the same, and methods of using same, such as for determining presence, concentration, or both, of an analyte in a liquid medium.

Abstract: Nucleic acid molecule and vectors comprising regions of high or low folding energy are provided. Methods of producing coding sequences optimized for protein expression comprising introducing a mutation that increases or decreased folding energy are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a transgenic bacterium including at least one polynucleotide encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) proteinaceous toxin. Further provided are compositions comprising the bacterium of the invention as well as methods of using same, such as for controlling a pest insect.

Abstract: A recombinant protein, including: (a) alpha subunit of an FAD-GDH; and (b) a minimal cytochrome c peptide is provided. Additionally, an electrode coupled to a recombinant protein, the recombinant protein made of: (a) a cofactor of a redox enzyme; (b) a redox enzyme; (c) a linker moiety configured to link any one of: the cofactor or the enzyme to an electron transfer (ET) domain; and (d) an ET domain, is also provided. Methods for: (a) transferring an electron to an electrode, by coupling the recombinant protein an electrode; and (b) quantifying the amount of an analyte e.g., glucose are also provided.

Abstract: A recombinant protein, including: (a) alpha subunit of an FAD-GDH; and (b) a minimal cytochrome c peptide is provided. Additionally, an electrode coupled to a recombinant protein, the recombinant protein made of: (a) a cofactor of a redox enzyme; (b) a redox enzyme; (c) a linker moiety configured to link any one of: the cofactor or the enzyme to an electron transfer (ET) domain; and (d) an ET domain, is also provided. Methods for: (a) transferring an electron to an electrode, by coupling the recombinant protein an electrode; and (b) quantifying the amount of an analyte e.g., glucose are also provided.

Abstract: A polypeptide comprising a residue substituted by a non-canonical amino acid (ncAA) is provided. Methods for: (a) transferring an electron to an electrode, by coupling the polypeptide to an electrode; and (b) quantifying the amount of an analyte e.g., glucose are also provided.

Abstract: A recombinant protein, including: (a) alpha subunit of an FAD-GDH; and (b) a minimal cytochrome c peptide is provided. Additionally, an electrode coupled to a recombinant protein, the recombinant protein made of: (a) a cofactor of a redox enzyme; (b) a redox enzyme; (c) a linker moiety configured to link any one of: the cofactor or the enzyme to an electron transfer (ET) domain; and (d) an ET domain, is also provided. Methods for: (a) transferring an electron to an electrode, by coupling the recombinant protein an electrode; and (b) quantifying the amount of an analyte e.g., glucose are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition with a cell having an orthogonal translation system, and an expression vector. The invention also provides a method of producing a protein carrying an unnatural amino acid, and a kit for use in producing a protein carrying the unnatural amino acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods of producing a rare amino acid- or non-natural amino acid-containing protein in a cell free protein synthesis system and kits for use in and for accomplishing same. Specifically, the methods comprise the steps of expressing at least one orthogonal suppressor tRNA (o-tRNA)/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) pair or derivatives thereof specific for incorporation of a rare amino acid- or non-natural amino acid in an E. coli organism; preparing a lysate of said E.

Abstract: Compositions and methods of producing components of protein biosynthetic machinery that include orthogonal tRNAs, orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and orthogonal pairs of tRNAs/synthetases, which incorporate redox active amino acids into proteins are provided. Methods for identifying these orthogonal pairs are also provided along with methods of producing proteins with redox active amino acids using these orthogonal pairs.

Abstract: A composite of graphene oxide and PTZ that may further entrap a redox enzyme. This composite can be used for detecting the substrate of the redox enzyme in a sample or for producing an acid byproduct of the enzymatic reaction. Furthermore, provided herein is a kit which includes a composite of graphene oxide and PTZ entrapping a redox enzyme and means for connecting the entrapping composite to a source of electricity.

Abstract: The invention relates to orthogonal pairs of tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that can incorporate unnatural amino acid into proteins produced in eubacterial host cells such as E. coli, or in a eukaryotic host such as a yeast cell. The invention provides, for example but not limited to, novel orthogonal synthetases, methods for identifying and making the novel synthetases, methods for producing proteins containing unnatural amino acids, and translation systems.

Abstract: A system and method for bio-electricity production are provided. The system includes a microorganism fuel cell in which the anode compartment comprises a microorganism cell having displayed thereon an enzyme to oxidize the substrate and generate electrons. Microorganism cells, such as bacteria or yeast, may be transformed to display enzymes such as oxidases, alcohol dehydrigenases and glucoamylases.

Abstract: This invention provides reductase proteins that comprise NH2Y unnatural amino acid residues, systems of orthogonal elements for incorporating NH2Y into reductases and methods of using NH2Y amino acid residues in reductases as molecular probes for probing reductases function, structure and activity.

Abstract: This invention provides methods and compositions for incorporation of an unnatural amino acid into a peptide using an orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair. In particular, an orthogonal pair is provided to incorporate 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in a position encoded by an opal mutation.

Abstract: The invention relates to orthogonal pairs of tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that can incorporate unnatural amino acid into proteins produced in eubacterial host cells such as E. coli, or in a eukaryotic host such as a yeast cell. The invention provides, for example but not limited to, novel orthogonal synthetases, methods for identifying and making the novel synthetases, methods for producing proteins containing unnatural amino acids, and translation systems.

Abstract: This invention provides methods and compositions for incorporation of an unnatural amino acid into a peptide using an orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair. In particular, an orthogonal pair is provided to incorporate 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in a position encoded by an opal mutation.

Abstract: This invention provides methods and compositions for incorporation of an unnatural amino acid into a peptide using an orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair. In particular, an orthogonal pair is provided to incorporate 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan in a position encoded by an opal mutation.

Abstract: Compositions and methods of producing components of protein biosynthetic machinery that include orthogonal tRNAs, orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and orthogonal pairs of tRNAs/synthetases, which incorporate redox active amino acids into proteins are provided. Methods for identifying these orthogonal pairs are also provided along with methods of producing proteins with redox active amino acids using these orthogonal pairs.

Abstract: Compositions and methods of producing components of protein biosynthetic machinery that include orthogonal tRNAs, orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and orthogonal pairs of tRNAs/synthetases, which incorporate redox active amino acids into proteins are provided. Methods for identifying these orthogonal pairs are also provided along with methods of producing proteins with redox active amino acids using these orthogonal pairs.