Abstract: A face engaging device such as a nozzle, facemask, etc., may include a housing including a fluid channel extending through the housing to an opening configured to be placed in fluid communication with the mouth of a user. The housing may include a first surface configured to be placed in contact with the skin of the user and a second surface exposed to the fluid channel. The face engaging device may also include a thermal actuator supported by the housing and including a first heat transfer surface position on the first surface, where the first heat transfer surface is configured to apply a thermal profile to the skin of the user when the opening is placed in fluid communication with the mouth of the user.

Abstract: A device for manipulating the temperature of a surface may include a heat transfer surface including active portions and a passive portion. The passive portion may include an inner passive portion disposed between each of the active portions and/or may include an outer passive portion that may surround each of the active portions. The active portions may form 40-90% of a total surface area of the heat transfer surface, where total surface area includes active portions and an inner passive portion. The passive portion(s) may have a thermal conductivity less than the active portion. A processor may be in electrical communication with thermoelectric modules defining or forming the active portions to generate a heat flux through the heat transfer surface. The heat flux through the active portions may be between 500 and 15,000 W/m2 during nominal operation of the device.