Abstract: Material transfer interfaces for space vehicles, and associated systems and methods are disclosed. A representative system includes a first coupler configured to be carried by a first space vehicle, and a first valve device carried by the first coupler. The system further includes a second coupler configured to be carried by a second space vehicle and a second valve device carried by the second coupler. The first coupler includes rotatable and translatable latch arms positioned to engage with and connect to the second coupler. The first valve device incudes a moveable probe that is insertable into the second valve device when the latch arms of the first coupler are connected to the second coupler to transfer fluid between the first and second valve devices.