Abstract: A dispenser apparatus is disclosed herein. A dispenser is disclosed herein. In various aspects, the dispenser includes a piston slidably sealingly engagable with a container containing a unit dose of liquid therein. The dispenser includes a cutting edge disposed about a piston face of the piston, the cutting edge configured to open a covering of rigid construction sealingly engaged with the container, in various aspects. A passage is formed between a piston face of the piston and a nozzle outlet of a nozzle to communicate fluid from the container through the nozzle outlet by sliding of the piston within the container, in various aspects. Methods of use of the dispenser are disclosed herein. This Abstract is presented to meet requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b) only. This Abstract is not intended to identify key elements of the apparatus and methods disclosed herein or to delineate the scope thereof.

Abstract: A dispenser apparatus is disclosed herein. A dispenser is disclosed herein. In various aspects, the dispenser includes a piston slidably sealingly engagable with a container containing a unit dose of liquid therein. The dispenser includes a cutting edge disposed about a piston face of the piston, the cutting edge configured to open a covering of rigid construction sealingly engaged with the container, in various aspects. A passage is formed between a piston face of the piston and a nozzle outlet of a nozzle to communicate fluid from the container through the nozzle outlet by sliding of the piston within the container, in various aspects. Methods of use of the dispenser are disclosed herein. This Abstract is presented to meet requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b) only. This Abstract is not intended to identify key elements of the apparatus and methods disclosed herein or to delineate the scope thereof.

Abstract: A dispenser apparatus is disclosed herein. A dispenser is disclosed herein. In various aspects, the dispenser includes a piston slidably sealingly engagable with a container containing a unit dose of liquid therein. The dispenser includes a cutting edge disposed about a piston face of the piston, the cutting edge configured to open a covering of rigid construction sealingly engaged with the container, in various aspects. A passage is formed between a piston face of the piston and a nozzle outlet of a nozzle to communicate fluid from the container through the nozzle outlet by sliding of the piston within the container, in various aspects. Methods of use of the dispenser are disclosed herein. This Abstract is presented to meet requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b) only. This Abstract is not intended to identify key elements of the apparatus and methods disclosed herein or to delineate the scope thereof.

Abstract: A dispenser apparatus is disclosed herein. A dispenser is disclosed herein. In various aspects, the dispenser includes a piston slidably sealingly engagable with a container containing a unit dose of liquid therein. The dispenser includes a cutting edge disposed about a piston face of the piston, the cutting edge configured to open a covering of rigid construction sealingly engaged with the container, in various aspects. A passage is formed between a piston face of the piston and a nozzle outlet of a nozzle to communicate fluid from the container through the nozzle outlet by sliding of the piston within the container, in various aspects. Methods of use of the dispenser are disclosed herein. This Abstract is presented to meet requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b) only. This Abstract is not intended to identify key elements of the apparatus and methods disclosed herein or to delineate the scope thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for reducing sinkage and wetted surface, and thus hydrodynamic drag of a high-speed boat through the generation of aerodynamic lift while decreasing overall aerodynamic drag. At least one lift-generating front wing proximate a bow section of the boat with at least one corresponding front air channel may be provided. At least one lift-generating rear wing proximate a transom section of the boat with at least one corresponding rear air channel may also be provided. At least one of the wings may be adjustable to generate aerodynamic lift with one of: (1) a neutral; (2) a transom-lifting; and (3) a bow-lifting pitching moment about a center of inertia of the boat. At least one wing proximate the leading edge of the tunnel of a multi-hull boat may be provided to increase the operational envelope.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for reducing sinkage and wetted surface, and thus hydrodynamic drag of a high-speed boat through the generation of aerodynamic lift while decreasing overall aerodynamic drag. At least one lift-generating front wing proximate a bow section of the boat with at least one corresponding front air channel may be provided. At least one lift-generating rear wing proximate a transom section of the boat with at least one corresponding rear air channel may also be provided. At least one of the wings may be adjustable to generate aerodynamic lift with one of: (1) a neutral; (2) a transom-lifting; and (3) a bow-lifting pitching moment about a center of inertia of the boat. At least one wing proximate the leading edge of the tunnel of a multi-hull boat may be provided to increase the operational envelope.

Abstract: An atomization device and method in which two streams of liquid to be atomized are produced within one or more passages so that the streams are directed towards one another and meet to form a stagnation point and therefore generate a shear force within the liquid. An opening is provided within the passage or passages to allow an outlet stream of the liquid to flow in a divergent flow pattern that undergoes atomization due to the shear force developed within the liquid.

Abstract: An incinerator in which halogenated organic compounds are burned in the presence of oxygen or oxygen enriched air to produce combustion products. The combustion products potentially include unreacted oxygen and halogenated organic compounds which can react with oxygen to produce halogenated furans and dioxins. The formation of the halogenated furans and dioxins is minimized by firing a burner, burning a hydrogen containing fuel at a fuel-rich stoichiometry, into the combustion products so that the fuel will react with the unreacted oxygen. This will reduce formation of the halogenated furans and dioxins. Any of the halogenated furans and dioxins that are formed are substantially eliminated by the reaction of hydrogen supplied by the fuel with the halogenated furans and dioxins.

Abstract: A burner block for mounting a burner within a furnace containing a melt to be heated by the burner. The burner block comprises a body having a passageway terminating in a divergent opening. The passageway is configured to receive the burner so that the burner is recessed within the divergent opening and a flame produced by the burner is directed out of the divergent opening and over the melt. The divergent opening has a lower section angled in a downward direction and the lower section has a reversed step to produce a primary recirculation zone beneath the flame, thereby to draw the flame in a downward direction toward the melt. The reversed step is positioned within the divergent opening so that when the burner is in use, a secondary recirculation zone forms between the opening and the melt and further draws the flame in the downward direction toward the melt.

Abstract: An oxy-fuel burner system for alternately or simultaneously burning gaseous and liquid fuels. A gaseous fuel jet emanating from an oxy-fuel burner is either undershot by an oxygen lance or is sandwiched between oxidant jets produced by two subsidiary oxidant jets which are preferably formed of oxygen. An actuable second fuel nozzle is provided for producing a second fuel jet composed of the liquid fuel which is angled toward the oxidant jet at an angle of less than 20.degree.. When the liquid fuel to be used, the gaseous fuel is turned off and the liquid fuel is turned on and vice-versa or both can operate simultaneously where the oxidant supplies oxygen to both fuel streams.

Abstract: A method of heating a melt containing an oxidizable substance in which a fuel is burned with an oxidant by projecting fuel oxidant jets over the melt. The fuel and the oxidant jets have a fuel jet momentum and an oxidant jet momentum, respectively. The oxidant jet produces a top oxidation layer on the top surface of the melt and such top oxidation layer has a thickness. The oxidant jet momentum is adjusted to be below a threshold momentum at which the top oxidation layer is forces aside by the oxidant jet to expose fresh melt that potentially can be oxidized and can increase the thickness of the top oxidation layer. The fuel-jet momentum is adjusted so that it is greater than the oxidant jet momentum to draw the oxidant jet towards the fuel jet and thereby forms a desired combustible mixture in a mixing layer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for burning a fuel in the presence of an oxidant in which intermixing fuel jets are formed from fuel and oxidant flowing in a mixing layer. The fuel and the oxidant are combusted to produce a projected flame. Intermixture of the fuel and the oxidant jets occurs within a turbulent flow regime where the fuel and the oxidant are in close contact with one another within eddies. The fuel and the oxidant are intermixed in average stoichiometric proportions and the mass flow rates of the fuel or the oxidant or both are intermittent and have a regular pulsation. This regular pulsation has a sufficiently high frequency that the eddies contain the fuel and the oxidant in fuel-rich and fuel-lean ratios in an essentially even distribution through the projected flame. As a result a plurality of fuel-rich and fuel-lean regions are created throughout the projected flame and thermal NO.sub.x and carbon monoxide emissions are reduced.

Abstract: The present invention provides an air-oxy-fuel method and apparatus in which fuel is burned in first and second stages of combustion having a fuel-rich and fuel-lean stoichiometry, respectively, to reduce NO.sub.x, emissions. The fuel is burned in the first stage of combustion in oxygen. The combustion of the fuel is completed in the second stage of combustion in the presence of air. Mixing of fuel and oxygen is effected by forming fuel and oxygen jets in close proximity to one another. Air is then swirled around the fuel and oxygen jets at a swirl ratio of no less than about 0.6 so that combustion products of the fast stage of combustion recirculate to obtain stable combustion of a very fuel-rich flame which is characterized by increased flame luminosity. The use of air allows for a lesser degree of swirling than had a single oxidant been used in both the fast and second stages of combustion because a greater mass of air is supplied than oxygen.

Abstract: A method and an incinerator in which halogenated organic compounds are burned in the presence of oxygen or oxygen enriched air to produce combustion products. The combustion products potentially include unreacted oxygen and halogenated organic compounds which can react with oxygen to produce halogenated furans and dioxins. The formation of the halogenated furans and dioxins is minimized by firing a burner, burning a hydrogen containing fuel at a fuel-rich stoichiometry, into the combustion products so that the fuel will react with the unreacted oxygen. This will reduce formation of the halogenated furans and dioxins. Any of the halogenated furans and dioxins that are formed are substantially eliminated by the reaction of hydrogen supplied by the fuel with the halogenated furans and dioxins.

Abstract: A gas-lance apparatus and method for injecting a rate-enhancing gas between a flame and a thermal load to augment combustion of fuel undergoing combustion in the flame. A fan-shaped main jet is introduced between the flame for producing a low pressure field of the rate-enhancing gas between the flame and the thermal load. The low pressure field deforms the flame into the shape of the main jet and draws the flame toward the thermal load. The main jet decays along its length due to entrainment of combustion-environment gas in the main jet. In order to delay such decay, a fan-shaped booster jet of rate-enhancing gas is introduced between the main jet and the thermal load. The booster jet has a higher velocity than the main jet and is positioned adjacent to the main jet.

Abstract: A burner for burning fuel in an oxidant having a fuel nozzle sandwiched between upper and lower oxidant nozzles. The fuel nozzle and upper and lower oxidant nozzles produce fuel and oxidant jets of outwardly divergent, fan-shaped configuration to provide a wide uniform flame and thus the elimination of hot spots. Upper and lower secondary oxidant nozzles can be provided in staged combustion such that fuel is burned and oxidant supplied by the upper and lower oxidant nozzle means in the substoichiometric ratio and then combustion is completed by oxidant supplied by the secondary upper and lower oxidant nozzles. In another aspect, a nozzle is provided in which a passageway is divided in a lengthwise direction and thus the flow of oxidant flowing through the passageway is divided into a plurality of subflows of equal velocity and of gradually divergent configuration to prevent the decay of a fan-shaped flow of oxidant from the nozzle.

Abstract: A burner for burning fuel in an oxidant having a fuel nozzle sandwiched between upper and lower oxidant nozzles. The fuel nozzle and upper and lower oxidant nozzles produce fuel and oxidant jets of outwardly divergent, fan-shaped configuration to provide a wide uniform flame and thus the elimination of hot spots. Upper and lower secondary oxidant nozzles can be provided in staged combustion such that fuel is burned and oxidant supplied by the upper and lower oxidant nozzle means in the substoichiometric ratio and then combustion is completed by oxidant supplied by the secondary upper and lower oxidant nozzles. In another aspect, a nozzle is provided in which a passageway is divided in a lengthwise direction and thus the flow of oxidant flowing through the passageway is divided into a plurality of subflows of equal velocity and of gradually divergent configuration to prevent the decay of a fan-shaped flow of oxidant from the nozzle.

Abstract: Fuel is burned in accordance with a burning method and apparatus in two stages and in the presence of first and second oxygen-containing gases, respectively. The second oxygen-containing gas has a higher concentration of oxygen than the first oxygen-containing gas. The fuel stream is burned in a first of the two stages at a first equivalence ratio sufficiently greater than 1.0, so that thermal NO.sub.x formation is inhibited, a more heat transfer effective luminous flame is achieved and a combustible mixture comprising unburned and partially oxidized fuel and fuel radicals is produced for combustion in the second of the two stages. The combustible mixture is burned in the second of the two stages at an equivalence ratio of no greater than about 1.0 so that maximum heat is transferred to the first of the two stages to stabilize combustion therein, and the fuel radicals are sufficiently oxidized by the second oxygen-containing gas to inhibit formation of prompt NO.sub.x.

Abstract: The present invention provides a burner for burning a fuel in an oxidant. In accordance with the apparatus, a fuel nozzle is provided for producing a fuel jet of the fuel adapted to burn within the oxidant with the flame extending outwardly from the fuel nozzle and such that the particles of fuel become increasingly more buoyant along the length of the flame. A lower oxidant nozzle is located below the fuel nozzle for creating a lower oxidant jet of the oxidant that produces a low-pressure field below the fuel jet for downwardly spreading the fuel into the oxidant. Additionally, an upper oxidant nozzle is located above the fuel and lower oxidant nozzles for creating an upper oxidant jet of the oxidant to burn the increasingly more buoyant particles of the fuel. The velocities of the upper and lower oxidant jets can be adjusted independently of their mass flow rates to adjust the flame shape from sharp (convection dominated) to lazy (radiation dominated) without changing the stoichiometry of the flame.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas injection apparatus for dissolving a gas in a flowing liquid. The apparatus comprises a conduit having a passageway through which flowing liquid flows. An injection pipe in communication with the passageway is provided for injecting gas into the flowing liquid so that a plurality of undissolved gas bubbles are produced within the flowing liquid. Preferably, the passageway has a pair of opposed centrally located side pocket regions for dividing the flowing liquid into a main flow region flowing in the predominant direction of flow of the liquid and two circulating side flow region situated along side the main flow region and within which the gas dissolves. The gas dissolved in the side flow regions produces a concentration gradient driving the gas from the side flow regions into the main flow region for discharge out of an outlet of the conduit.