Abstract: A method for cutting up a workpiece which is in rod or block form by means of a saw, wherein the temperature of the workpiece is measured during the cutting, and the measurement signal is transmitted to a control unit, which generates a control signal which is used to control the temperature of the workpiece, or wherein the temperature of the workpiece is controlled during the cutting by a control signal based on a predetermined control curve.

Abstract: A method for cutting up a workpiece which is in rod or block form by means of a saw, wherein the temperature of the workpiece is measured during the cutting, and the measurement signal is transmitted to a control unit, which generates a control signal which is used to control the temperature of the workpiece, or wherein the temperature of the workpiece is controlled during the cutting by a control signal based on a predetermined control curve.

Abstract: A friction clutch wherein an intermediate portion of a diaphragm spring is tiltable between two seats which are held in requisite positions by arms bent out from the bottom wall of the clutch housing. The arms extend axially within the seats and through openings provided therefor in the diaphragm spring, thereupon radially outwardly to overlie that side of the seat which confronts the pressure plate of the clutch to thus prevent axial movements of the seats and an intermediate portion of the spring relative to the bottom wall, and finally axially toward the bottom wall to prevent radial expansion of the seat confronting the pressure plate. The seats are or include split wire rings. The seat which is adjacent the bottom wall of the housing is held against radial expansion by an annular holding or clamping device forming part of and extending from the bottom wall of the housing toward the pressure plate.

Abstract: By means of the process and by means of the apparatus, fused silicon is produced continuously, or in phases, and zonally cast into a mold in which it is caused to solidify zonally. The temperature conditions in the solidification zone are controlled with the aid of a movable heating zone, by means of which the crystallization front is adjusted to the rising level that fills up the mold, this level being in turn controlled by the fusion rate of the silicon. Polycrystalline silicon blocks can be obtained in which, because of the flat shape of the crystallization front, the columnar single-crystal domains within the blocks extend almost vertically and which represent an excellent solar cell base material having high diffusion lengths and lifetimes of the minority charge carriers, from which solar cells of correspondingly high efficiencies can be produced.

Abstract: A clutch plate wherein the input member carries friction linings and the output member includes a flange which is connected to a hub by a first damper. A second or main damper has a set of weaker and a set of stronger coil springs which are received in windows of the carrier and flange. The carrier is provided with projections which are receivable in circumferentially extending recesses of the flange to limit the extent of movability of the carrier and flange relative to each other from a neutral position to either of two end positions which can be reached by turning the carrier and the flange in opposite directions or by turning the carrier or the flange relative to the flange or carrier in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. The recesses are provided in weakened sections of the flange between neighboring windows for stronger and weaker springs.

Abstract: A friction clutch wherein the clutch spring is held between two seats at one side of the clutch cover has an annular set of beams one end of each of which is integral with a discrete torsion bar of the cover and the other end of each of which carries one head of a rivet having a second head overlying that seat which is remote from the cover. The beams and/or the torsion bars are deformed during assembly of the clutch so that the rivets urge the remote seat toward the spring and the latter is urged against the other seat.

Abstract: A friction clutch wherein a first unit including the cover, the diaphragm spring and the pressure plate is separably connected to a second unit including the clutch plate and its linings by a coupling device which centers the clutch plate relative to the pressure plate and maintains the clutch plate at an optimum distance from the cover for attachment of the cover to the flywheel on the crankshaft of the engine in a motor vehicle wherein the clutch plate is to transmit torque to the input shaft of a variable-speed transmission when the clutch is engaged. The coupling device is deactivated or destroyed in response to attachment of the cover to the flywheel.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the manufacture of silicon rods having a colur structure comprising monocrystalline crystal zones with a crystallographic preferred orientation. Molten silicon is transferred from a silicon reservoir into a crystallization chamber which is formed by rollers arranged in a leak-proof manner in the shape of the desired rod cross-section. There the silicon first forms a stable outer shell of solidified material and, while it continues to crystallize, it is withdrawn at the bottom and released by the rollers. Owing to the short period of contact with a vessel wall a silicon rod is obtained that is particularly free of impurites.

Abstract: A friction clutch having a cover, diaphragm spring and a device for tiltably supporting the spring at the cover. The supporting device has a first support at the cover side, a circular second support at the other side of the spring, and holding sections stamped out of the material of the cover and bent so as to project through cutouts of the spring. The sections orginally extend in the chordal or circumferential direction of the cover and are thereupon bent into planes extending at least substantially radially and at right angles to the plane of rotation of the cover. The entire sections or portions of the sections are bent in such a way that they extend axially beyond the second support and engage that side of the second support which faces away from the cover.

Abstract: One or both end faces of the flange of the hub in a clutch disc have radially or nearly radially extending teeth which are caused to penetrate into adjacent shoulders of the sleeve-like other component of the hub so that the flange and the sleeve-like component are compelled to rotate as a unit. At least one of the shoulders is formed by upsetting the corresponding portion of the sleeve-like component.

Abstract: A friction clutch wherein the diaphragm spring is tiltably installed between two seats one of which abuts against or is integral with the cover. The other seat is permanently urged against the diaphragm spring, so that the latter is permanently urged against the one seat, by axially stressed lugs which form integral parts of the cover and extend axially through apertures in the diaphragm spring to bear against the other seat or carry rivets with heads bearing against the other seat.

Abstract: A friction clutch having a cover, a diaphragm spring and a device for tiltably supporting the spring at the cover. The supporting device has a first support at the cover side, a circular second support at the other side of the spring, and holding sections stamped out of the material of the cover and bent so as to project through cutouts of the spring. The sections originally extend in the chordal or circumferential direction of the cover and are thereupon bent into planes extending at least substantially radially and at right angles to the plane of rotation of the cover. The entire sections or portions of the sections are bent in such a way that they extend axially beyond the second support and engage that side of the second support which faces away from the cover.

Abstract: A clutch disengaging apparatus wherein an annular cylinder defines an annular cylinder chamber receiving a reciprocable annular piston with an annular outer clearance surrounding the outer skirt of the piston and an annular inner clearance surrounding the inner skirt of the piston. A membrane overlies the bottom wall of the piston and its marginal portions are clamped between the sections of the cylinder so that the membrane forms an outer corrugation in the outer clearance and an inner corrugation in the inner clearance. A throw-out bearing is radially movably mounted in the piston and is biased against the prongs of the diaphragm spring in a clutch by a coil spring which is surrounded by an inner wall of the cylinder, which surrounds an outer wall of the cylinder, or which is installed in the cylinder chamber between the bottom walls of the piston and the cylinder.

Abstract: A friction clutch wherein the pressure plate at one side of the clutch disc is axially movably connected with a cover by a set of leaf springs. The cover is driven by the crankshaft of the engine. The pressure plate is biased against the adjacent lining of the clutch disc by a diaphragm spring whose radially outermost portion reacts against the cover and which bears against the pressure plate in a region which is located somewhat inwardly of the radially outermost portion. The clutch disc is disposed between the axially movable pressure plate and a counterpressure plate which is non-rotatably affixed to the support by a distancing component made of sheet metal and holding the counterpressure plate at a fixed distance from the support. The distancing component has a clamping portion overlying that side of the counterpressure plate which faces away from the support.

Abstract: A clutch disengaging apparatus wherein an annular cylinder defines an annular cylinder chamber receiving a reciprocable annular piston with an annular outer clearance surrounding the outer skirt of the piston and an annular inner clearance surrounding the inner skirt of the piston. A membrane overlies the bottom wall of the piston and its marginal portions are clamped between the sections of the cylinder so that the membrane forms an outer corrugation in the outer clearance and an inner corrugation in the inner clearance. A throw-out bearing is radially movably mounted in the piston and is biased against the prongs of the diaphragm spring in a clutch by a coil spring which is surrounded by an inner wall of the cylinder, which surrounds an outer wall of the cylinder, or which is installed in the cylinder chamber between the bottom walls of the piston and the cylinder.

Abstract: A positive engagement clutch between the serially connected coaxial first and second crankshafts in an internal combustion engine is activated upon acceleration of the second crankshaft to the speed of the first crankshaft and after the second crankshaft assumes a predetermined angular position relative to the first crankshaft. The acceleration is performed by a friction clutch which is interposed between first and second camshafts which are respectively driven by and drive the first and second crankshafts. The first crankshaft and the associated camshaft form part of a normally operative first section of the engine wherein the first crankshaft is rotatable by one or more cylinders whenever the engine is running. The second crankshaft and the associated second camshaft form part of a second section of the engine wherein the crankshaft is rotatable by one or more additional cylinders upon direct coupling of the two crankshafts to each other.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine wherein a first crankshaft is driven by a first group of cylinders and a second crankshaft which is coaxial with the first crankshaft can be driven by a second group of cylinders upon acceleration to the speed of the first crankshaft. The first crankshaft drives a first camshaft which is coaxial with a second camshaft serving to drive the second crankshaft in the absence of a direct connection between the two crankshafts. A friction clutch between the two camshafts gradually accelerates the second crankshaft to the speed of the first crankshaft and is thereupon disengaged whereby a positive engagement clutch connects the second crankshaft to the first crankshaft. The second crankshaft can be coupled to the first crankshaft only when the two crankshafts are held in predetermined angular positions relative to each other.