Abstract: A Photovoltaic powered cooking system comprised of a small solar panel array 500-1,000 Watts, a charge controller for a battery capable of storing electric power and delivering it day or night for cooking using a low voltage 12-48 VDC, low power, 500 W heater configured as a hot plate or oven capable of 240° C. to boil, bake or fry food. The heater is comprised of multiple standard resistive or positive temperature coefficient heating elements or both combined to be energy efficient and can cook and then be controlled to keep food warm. No combustible fuel needed.

Abstract: A plumbing adapter is proposed to allow electric heating elements to be placed into the ports of an existing pressurized hot water tank. The adapter allows the heating element to be inserted into either male or female tank plumbing fittings without rotation, so it allows the use of bent or shaped heating elements. This allows a heating element to be placed near the bottom of the tank and in an inclined or near-horizontal position to improve convective heat transfer. The adapter allows electric heating elements driven by photovoltaic panels or grid power to be placed into existing or new water tanks that are heated by propane, natural gas, or electric power.

Abstract: Light sensitive elements containing silver halide emulsions can be desensitized to static charge marking by the addition of fluorine-containing polymers of a defined class.