Abstract: Proton conducting materials and membranes and electrochemical devices incorporating the materials and membranes are provided. Also provided are methods of making the materials and membranes and methods of operating the electrochemical devices. The proton conducting materials are solid acids that form superprotonic phases at elevated temperatures. The superprotonic phases have a cubic structure and the general formula: M(1?x)Hy]H2PO4, where M represents one or more monovalent cations or a combination of monovalent cations and divalent cations, 0<x?2/9, and y is a number that provides charge balancing.

Abstract: A method of evaluating the relevance rank of a target document in a search result list, includes the steps of assigning a basic credit to all keywords that are found in the target document; grouping keywords that are found in the target document; assigning extra value of credit to each keyword group; calculating the total value of credit of the whole target document; calculating the maximum value of credit of the whole target document, and calculating the relevance rank according to a comparison function of the total value of credit and the maximum value of credit for the target document.